通过利用干细胞的再生潜力来恢复受损的神经组织和电路,基于干细胞的疗法已成为治疗各种神经系统疾病的有希望的方法。这篇全面的综述对干细胞在原发性神经系统疾病中的应用现状进行了深入分析,包括帕金森病(PD),阿尔茨海默病(AD),肌萎缩侧索硬化(ALS),多发性硬化症(MS),中风,脊髓损伤(SCI),和其他相关疾病。这篇综述首先详细介绍了干细胞生物学,讨论类型,来源,以及干细胞在神经治疗中的作用机制。然后严格检查来自动物模型和早期人体试验的临床前证据,可行性,以及不同干细胞类型的功效,如胚胎干细胞(ESC),间充质干细胞(MSCs),神经干细胞,和诱导多能干细胞(iPSC)。虽然已经在临床前模型中广泛研究了ESC,临床试验主要集中在成体干细胞,如MSC和NSC,以及iPSC及其衍生物。我们严格评估每种细胞类型的研究现状,强调它们在不同神经系统疾病中的潜在应用和局限性。这篇综述综合了最近的关键发现,针对每种神经系统疾病的高质量研究,讨论电池制造,交货方式,和治疗结果。虽然干细胞替代丢失的神经元和直接重建神经回路的潜力被强调,该综述强调了旁分泌和免疫调节机制在介导干细胞在大多数神经系统疾病中的治疗作用中的关键作用。本文还探讨了与将干细胞疗法转化为临床实践相关的挑战和局限性。包括与细胞采购相关的问题,可扩展性,安全,和监管方面的考虑。此外,它讨论了推进干细胞治疗的未来方向和机会,比如基因编辑,生物材料,个性化iPSC衍生疗法,和新颖的交付策略。该综述最后强调了干细胞疗法在彻底改变神经系统疾病治疗方面的变革潜力,同时承认需要进行严格的临床试验。标准化协议,和多学科合作,以实现他们充分的治疗承诺。
Stem cell-based therapies have emerged as a promising approach for treating various neurological disorders by harnessing the regenerative potential of stem cells to restore damaged neural tissue and circuitry. This comprehensive review provides an in-depth analysis of the current state of stem cell applications in primary neurological conditions, including Parkinson\'s disease (PD), Alzheimer\'s disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), multiple sclerosis (MS), stroke, spinal cord injury (SCI), and other related disorders. The review begins with a detailed introduction to stem cell biology, discussing the types, sources, and mechanisms of action of stem cells in neurological therapies. It then critically examines the preclinical evidence from animal models and early human trials investigating the safety, feasibility, and efficacy of different stem cell types, such as embryonic stem cells (ESCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), neural stem cells (NSCs), and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). While ESCs have been studied extensively in preclinical models, clinical trials have primarily focused on adult stem cells such as MSCs and NSCs, as well as iPSCs and their derivatives. We critically assess the current state of research for each cell type, highlighting their potential applications and limitations in different neurological conditions. The review synthesizes key findings from recent, high-quality studies for each neurological condition, discussing cell manufacturing, delivery methods, and therapeutic outcomes. While the potential of stem cells to replace lost neurons and directly reconstruct neural circuits is highlighted, the review emphasizes the critical role of paracrine and immunomodulatory mechanisms in mediating the therapeutic effects of stem cells in most neurological disorders. The article also explores the challenges and limitations associated with translating stem cell therapies into clinical practice, including issues related to cell sourcing, scalability, safety, and regulatory considerations. Furthermore, it discusses future directions and opportunities for advancing stem cell-based treatments, such as gene editing, biomaterials, personalized iPSC-derived therapies, and novel delivery strategies. The review concludes by emphasizing the transformative potential of stem cell therapies in revolutionizing the treatment of neurological disorders while acknowledging the need for rigorous clinical trials, standardized protocols, and multidisciplinary collaboration to realize their full therapeutic promise.