密集系统中的肉鸡可能缺乏与鸡在自然界中共同进化的共生微生物。这项研究评估了应用于日龄雏鸡的微生物接种物和递送方法对盲肠微生物群发育的影响。具体来说,小鸡接种盲肠内容物或微生物培养物,和三种递送方法的有效性(口服灌胃,将接种物喷洒到床上用品中,和共同住房)进行了评估。此外,一项竞争性研究评估了来自广泛或密集家禽生产系统的细菌的定植能力。接种鸟类的微生物群呈现出较高的系统发育多样性值(PD)和较高的拟杆菌相对丰度值,与对照相比。此外,回肠绒毛高度/隐窝深度比降低,盲肠IL-6,IL-10,丙酸盐,在接种盲肠内容物的鸟类中观察到戊酸浓度。在整个实验中,对照组的雏鸡的大肠杆菌/志贺氏菌相对丰度值高于接种的鸟类。来自密集或广泛饲养的鸡的特定微生物能够在盲肠中定殖,来自集约化生产系统的接种物促进了大肠杆菌/志贺氏菌的相对丰度值。我们的结论是Alistipes,拟杆菌,Barnesiella,地中海,副杆菌属,Megamonas,和相梗杆菌是肉鸡盲肠的有效定植者。此外,口服灌胃,喷雾,并可用作微生物移植的递送方法,正如它们对盲肠微生物群的影响所表明的那样,肠道形态学,短链脂肪酸浓度,和细胞因子/趋化因子水平。这些发现将指导未来研究下一代益生菌的开发,这些益生菌能够在单次暴露后在鸡肠道中定植并持续存在。重要性家禽业中采用的严格的生物安全程序可能无意中阻碍了鸡在自然环境中遇到的有益共生细菌的传播。这项研究旨在鉴定在一次暴露后可以在鸡肠中定植并持续存在的细菌。我们评估了从健康成年鸡供体获得的不同微生物接种物以及三种递送方法对微生物群组成和鸟类生理的影响。此外,我们进行了一项竞争性试验,以测试来自密集和广泛饲养的鸡的细菌的定植能力。我们的结果表明,暴露于微生物接种的鸟类中某些细菌不断增加。这些细菌可以被分离并用于未来研究下一代益生菌的开发,这些益生菌含有高度适应鸡肠的物种。
Broilers in intensive systems may lack commensal microbes that have coevolved with chickens in nature. This study evaluated the effects of microbial inocula and delivery methods applied to day-old chicks on the development of the cecal microbiota. Specifically, chicks were inoculated with cecal contents or microbial cultures, and the efficacies of three delivery methods (oral gavage, spraying inoculum into the bedding, and cohousing) were evaluated. Also, a competitive study evaluated the colonization ability of bacteria sourced from extensive or intensive poultry production systems. The microbiota of inoculated birds presented higher phylogenetic diversity values (PD) and higher relative abundance values of Bacteroidetes, compared with a control. Additionally, a reduction in the ileal villus height/crypt depth ratio and increased cecal IL-6, IL-10, propionate, and valerate concentrations were observed in birds that were inoculated with cecal contents. Across the experiments, the chicks in the control groups presented higher relative abundance values of Escherichia/Shigella than did the inoculated birds. Specific microbes from intensively or extensively raised chickens were able to colonize the
ceca, and inocula from intensive production systems promoted higher relative abundance values of Escherichia/Shigella. We concluded that Alistipes, Bacteroides, Barnesiella, Mediterranea, Parabacteroides, Megamonas, and Phascolarctobacterium are effective colonizers of the broiler
ceca. In addition, oral gavage, spray, and cohousing can be used as delivery methods for microbial transplantation, as indicated by their effects on the cecal microbiota, intestinal morphology, short-chain fatty acids concentration, and cytokine/chemokine levels. These findings will guide future research on the development of next-generation probiotics that are able to colonize and persist in the chicken intestinal tract after a single exposure. IMPORTANCE The strict biosecurity procedures employed in the poultry industry may inadvertently hinder the transmission of beneficial commensal bacteria that chickens would encounter in natural environments. This research aims at identifying bacteria that can colonize and persist in the chicken gut after a single exposure. We evaluated different microbial inocula that were obtained from healthy adult chicken donors as well as three delivery methods for their effects on microbiota composition and bird physiology. In addition, we conducted a competitive assay to test the colonization abilities of bacteria sourced from intensively versus extensively raised chickens. Our results indicated that some bacteria are consistently increased in birds that are exposed to microbial inoculations. These bacteria can be isolated and employed in future research on the development of next-generation probiotics that contain species that are highly adapted to the chicken gut.