背景:汽车驾驶越来越自动化,到了这样的程度,没有主动转向控制的驾驶正在成为现实。虽然主动驾驶需要使用视觉信息来指导行动(即,转向车辆),被动驾驶只需要查看驾驶场景,而不需要采取任何行动(即,人类是被动驱动的)。
方法:经过对科学文献的仔细搜索,11个不同的研究,提供17个对比,用于进行全面的荟萃分析,将主动驾驶与被动驾驶进行对比。
结果:与被动驾驶相比,主动驾驶更一致地招募了两个大脑区域,左中央前回(BA3和BA4)和左中央后回(BA4和BA3/40),与主动驾驶相比,被动驾驶中一组大脑区域被更一致地招募:左额中回(BA6),小脑的右前叶和左后叶,右叶下丘脑,右前前额叶皮层(BA10),右侧枕下回(BA17/18/19),右颞下回(BA37),和左阴户(BA17)。
结论:从理论角度来看,这些发现支持了这样一种观点,即视觉扫描过程对相同活动的输出要求可以触发不同的大脑通路,与不同的认知过程相关。在主动驾驶过程中发现了背流优势,而在被动驾驶过程中获得了腹侧流优势。从实践的角度来看,与人为因素社区的主导地位相反,我们的研究结果支持以下观点:从被动驾驶到主动驾驶的转变仍然具有挑战性,因为被动驾驶和主动驾驶使用不同的神经网络.
Car driving is more and more automated, to such an extent that driving without active steering control is becoming a reality. Although active driving requires the use of visual information to guide actions (i.e., steering the vehicle), passive driving only requires looking at the driving scene without any need to act (i.e., the human is passively driven).
After a careful search of the scientific literature, 11 different studies, providing 17 contrasts, were used to run a comprehensive meta-analysis contrasting active driving with passive driving.
Two brain regions were recruited more consistently for active driving compared to passive driving, the left precentral gyrus (BA3 and BA4) and the left postcentral gyrus (BA4 and BA3/40), whereas a set of brain regions was recruited more consistently in passive driving compared to active driving: the left middle frontal gyrus (BA6), the right anterior lobe and the left posterior lobe of the cerebellum, the right sub-lobar thalamus, the right anterior prefrontal cortex (BA10), the right inferior occipital gyrus (BA17/18/19), the right inferior temporal gyrus (BA37), and the left cuneus (BA17).
From a theoretical perspective, these findings support the idea that the output requirement of the visual scanning process engaged for the same activity can trigger different cerebral pathways, associated with different cognitive processes. A dorsal stream dominance was found during active driving, whereas a ventral stream dominance was obtained during passive driving. From a practical perspective, and contrary to the dominant position in the Human Factors community, our findings support the idea that a transition from passive to active driving would remain challenging as passive and active driving engage distinct neural networks.