BACKGROUND: Available descriptive studies on equine pneumonia are outdated or focus on specific horse or bacterial populations.
OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical presentation and bacterial isolates of adult horses with bacterial pneumonia and identify factors associated with death.
METHODS: One hundred sixteen horses >2 years old with bacterial pneumonia.
METHODS: Retrospective case series. Data regarding history, physical examination, clinicopathologic features, treatment, bacterial culture and sensitivity, and outcome were collected and analyzed retrospectively.
RESULTS: Historical risk factors were present for 60% of cases, whereas abnormal vital signs on intake were present for <50%. Most horses (58%) underwent at least 1 change of antimicrobial treatment, and 67% received the highest-priority critically important antimicrobials. Streptococcus zooepidemicus was the most isolated bacteria (44%), followed by Escherichia coli (19%), Klebsiella spp. (18%), other Streptococcus species (17%), and Bacillus spp. (13%). Fusobacterium spp. were the most common anaerobic isolates (11%). Antimicrobial susceptibility varied widely. Survival to discharge was 73%. Heart rate at presentation (odds ratio [OR] 1.08, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.008-1.17, P = .03) and higher creatinine (OR 14.1, 95% CI 1.56-127.6, P = .02) increased the risk of death. Higher lymphocyte count (OR 0.27, 95% CI 0.08-0.94, P = .04) reduced risk.
CONCLUSIONS: Contrasting older literature, Fusobacterium spp. were the most common anaerobes. Streptococcus zooepidemicus remained the most common isolate and was predictably susceptible to penicillin. Antimicrobial susceptibility was otherwise variable and broad applicability is limited as this was a single-center study. Increased risk of death associated with tachycardia and abnormally high serum creatinine concentration is consistent with previous studies.

A 31-month-old girl with trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) was seen in the emergency department of pediatrics because of oxygen desaturation associated with features of lower respiratory tract infections. She was born at full term and diagnosed with congenital heart disease (CHD) having ventricular septal defect (VSD), and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA); consequently, she underwent corrective surgery after adequate optimization of treatment. Incidentally, she was detected to have the presence of anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies. In this case report, we mainly focus on the multi-modal approach to medical and surgical management.

The most important acute viral diseases of calves in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) are:Enzootic bronchopneumoniaBovine viral diarrhoea - mucosal disease (BVD-MD)Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis - infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IBR-IPV)Rota- and Coronavirus infections The incidence, diagnosis and control of these infections in the FRG are discussed. Stomatitis papulosa and malignant catarrhal fever are also briefly mentioned.
Zu den wichtigsten akuten Viruserkrankungen bei Kälbern in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland zählen:RinderbronchopneumonieBVD-MDIBR-IPVRota-coronainfektion Auftreten, Diagnose und Kontrolle über diese Infektionskrankheiten in der BRD werden erörtert. Stomatitis papulosa und bösartiges Katarrhalfieber werden kurz angesprochen.
Les principales maladies virales aiguës des veaux en republique fédérale d\'Allemagne sont les suivantes:Bronchopneumonie enzootiqueDiarrhées à virus des bovine — maladie des muqueusesRhino-trachéite infectieuse des bovins — vaginite pustuleuse infectieuseInfections rotavirales et coronavirales La fréquence, le diagnostic et le contrôle de ces infections en république fédérale d\'Allemagne sont examinés. La stomatite papuleuse et la fièvre catarrhale maligne sont mentionnées brièvement.
Le principali affezioni virali acute dei vitelli nella Repubblica Federale Tedesca sono le seguenti:Broncopolmonite enzooticaComplesso Diarrea Virale del Bovino-Malattia delle Mucose (Bovine Virus Diarrhoea-Mucosal Disease — BVD-MD)Rinotracheite Infettiva Bovina-Vaginite Pustulare Infettiva (Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis-Infectious Pustular Vaginitis — IBR-IPV)Infezioni da Rotavirus e da Coronavirus Vengono esaminati l\'incidenza, la diagnosi e il controllo di queste infezioni nella Repubblica Federale Tedesca, e si dà un breve cenno anche sulla Stomatite papulosa e la Febbre catarrale maligna.

BACKGROUND: The emergence of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) has increased the incidence of community-onset MRSA infection. Respiratory tract infections caused by MRSA has been noted for their severity; however, repeated relapses that require extended antibiotic therapy are rare.
METHODS: We report a case of relapsing bronchopneumonia caused by CA-MRSA in a 56-year-old man. The patient responded to antibiotics, but repeatedly relapsed after stopping treatment. MRSA was consistently isolated from airway specimens during each relapse. Extended oral antibiotic treatment with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) for 6 months achieved infection control. Whole-genome sequencing of the isolated strain revealed that the causative agent was sequence type (ST)1/staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) type IVa, a clone that is rapidly increasing in Japan.
CONCLUSIONS: This patient had an unusual course of MRSA bronchopneumonia with repeated relapses. Although the choice of antibiotics for long-term use in MRSA respiratory tract infections has not been well established, TMP/SMX was effective and well tolerated for long-term therapy in this case. The clinical course of infections related to the rapid emerging clone, ST1/SCCmec type IVa warrants further attention.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is one of the most economically important infectious diseases for the pig industry worldwide. The disease was firstly reported in 1987 and became endemic in many countries. Since then, outbreaks caused by strains of high virulence have been reported several times in Asia, America and Europe. Interstitial pneumonia, microscopically characterised by thickened alveolar septa, is the hallmark lesion of PRRS. However, suppurative bronchopneumonia and proliferative and necrotising pneumonia are also observed, particularly when a virulent strain is involved. This raises the question of whether the infection by certain strains results in an overstimulation of the proinflammatory response and whether there is some degree of correlation between the strain involved and a particular pattern of lung injury. Thus, it is of interest to know how the inflammatory response is modulated in these cases due to the interplay between virus and host factors. This review provides an overview of the macroscopic, microscopic, and molecular pathology of PRRSV-1 strains in the lung, emphasising the differences between strains of different virulence.

BACKGROUND: Bronchopneumonia (BP) in calves potentially causes systemic changes.
OBJECTIVE: To describe metabolic, arterial blood gas, and acid-base disorders in calves with BP diagnosed by thoracic ultrasound (TUS), Wisconsin score (WISC), and combinations of WISC and TUS.
METHODS: Two hundred thirty-one dairy preweaned dairy calves from 13 dairy farms.
METHODS: Cross-sectional study. Each calf sequentially underwent arterial blood gas evaluation, WISC score, venous sampling, and TUS. Calves were grouped based on a single diagnostic method and combination of WISC and 2 TUS cutoffs (≥1 cm; ≥3 cm) as healthy, upper respiratory tract infection, subclinical BP, and clinical BP.
RESULTS: Oxygenation and acid-base variables were unaffected. Glucose concentration in TUS-affected calves was significantly lower (P < .001) than in healthy calves (median ≥TUS1cm = 5.2 mmol/L 25%-75% interquartile range [IQR] 4.5-6.1, CONCLUSIONS: Clinical signs indicate minor systemic disorders compared to TUS. The abnormalities detected by ultrasonographic examination were moderate and did not deviate from normal reference ranges.

Although amyloid material in the heart is not infrequently encountered at autopsy it may on occasion be difficult to determine the significance in terms of possible contributions to the terminal mechanisms of death. A review was undertaken of the literature and of autopsy cases at Forensic Science SA over a 20-year-period (2003-2022) for all cases where significant amyloid material had been encountered on microscopy of the heart. Sixteen cases were found consisting of 11 cases where cardiac amyloid was involved in the lethal episode, and five where it was considered an incidental feature. Of the 11 lethal cases, there were three where cardiac amyloidosis was the cause of death, and eight where it was a contributing factor, along with ischaemic heart disease (N = 7) and bronchopneumonia (N = 1). The age range was 47-92 years, average 78.6 years, with a male to female ratio of 10:1. The weights of the hearts ranged from 496 to 1059 g - average 648 g. Of the five cases where it was considered an incidental finding, the causes of death were blunt head trauma (N = 2), small intestinal ischaemia (N = 2) and small intestinal obstruction (N = 1). The weights of the hearts ranged from 299 to 487 g, average 369 g. The most relevant types of amyloidosis in forensic cases tend to be light chain amyloidosis, senile cardiac amyloidosis and familial amyloid cardiomyopathy. Other forms of amyloidosis that affect the heart, which include reactive amyloidosis, haemodialysis-related amyloidosis and isolated atrial amyloidosis, either have minimal or no clinical significance, or are of uncertain significance. While it may be difficult to determine the prognostic significance of amyloid material at autopsy clinicopathological correlation may provide useful supportive information.

Tay-Sachs disease (TSD) is a rare, fatal neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the deficiency of the enzyme hexosaminidase-A (Hex A), which results in the accumulation of monosialoganglioside2 (GM2) ganglioside within nerve cells, predominantly affecting individuals of Ashkenazi Jewish descent. We report a remarkable case of a three-year-old South Asian male with infantile GM2 gangliosidosis, compounded by bronchopneumonia, a rarely documented complication in Tay-Sachs patients. The patient presented with recurrent seizures, fever, cough, and developmental delay. Confirmation of the diagnosis was obtained through reduced Hex A enzyme activity, corroborated by imaging and blood and urine analyses. Family history was significant for consanguinity and similar sibling fatalities. Despite the progressive nature of the disease, symptomatic management, including antiepileptic drugs, antibiotic therapy, and supportive care, led to an improvement in clinical condition, though ongoing monitoring remains essential. In this case, the coexistence of bronchopneumonia with Tay-Sachs disease is unusual, reflecting the necessity for this case report. The patient\'s response highlights the potential for symptomatic management, the importance of genetic counseling, and the imperative for research into gene and enzyme replacement therapies. The uniqueness of this case provides novel insights into the disease\'s spectrum, enhancing awareness, encouraging early diagnosis, and refining care strategies for Tay-Sachs disease, aligning with the broader goals of improving patient outcomes and advancing medical research.

The term bronchopneumonia describes an inflammation of the bronchioles centered in the lungs. A male patient, aged 77, complained of dyspnea for six months. The Modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) Dyspnea Scale showed grade 2 dyspnea, chest pain, cold, and fever for seven days. X-rays were done that revealed bronchopneumonia. The research aimed to understand the effect of chest physical therapy in patients admitted to high-density units. We, as physiotherapists, use a wide range of treatments, such as airway clearance procedures, early mobility, and active breathing exercises, all of which are useful in reducing the symptoms of pneumonia in this situation. The outcome measures used were the mMRC Dyspnea Scale, Intensive Care Unit (ICU) Mobility Scale, Functional Independence Measure (FIM), and Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS). Early physiotherapy rehabilitation is beneficial in resolving bronchopneumonia and relieving dyspnea.

Bronchopneumonia is the most common pneumonia in childhood. Therefore, we tested the effects of Remimazolam presented Bronchopneumonia and its possible mechanisms. Phillygenin increased survival rate, reduced W/D ratio, and lung injury score, and inhibited IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and INF-γ levels in mice model of bronchopneumonia. Remimazolam induced PDPK1 and p-AKT protein expressions, and suppressed NLRP3 protein expression in lung tissue of mice model. In vitro model, Remimazolam also induced PDPK1 and p-AKT protein expressions, and suppressed NLRP3 protein expression. Remimazolam also inhibited inflammation levels in vitro model. PDPK1 inhibitor, PHT-427 (100 mg/kg) reduced survival rate, increased W/D ratio and lung injury score, and promoted inflammation levels in mice model of bronchopneumonia by treated with Remimazolam. PHT-427 suppressed PDPK1 and p-AKT protein expressions and induced NLRP3 protein expression in mice model of bronchopneumonia by treated with Remimazolam. Remimazolam interlinked PDPK1 protein. Remimazolam increased the expressions of PDPK1 and p-AKT in vitro model. Remimazolam reduced PDPK1 ubiquitination in vitro model.