Background: Non-marital romantic relationship dissolutions (RRDs) are common among emerging adult students (EAS) and may result in severe distress and suicidality. However, studies on RRDs in youth are limited to mental health sequelae of depression and prolonged grief. Little is known about the association between RRDs and posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), and how this compares to posttraumatic stress symptoms following a traumatogenic event.Objective: We aimed to determine the association between RRDs and PTSS in an EAS sample; and how this compared to the association between posttraumatic stress symptoms and a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual 5th edition (DSM-5) traumatic event.Method: University students (N = 2,022; female = 71.1%; 18-25 years) completed a demographic and relationship questionnaire, the Life Events Checklist, the Adverse Childhood Experiences questionnaire, and the Posttraumatic Stress Checklist (PCL). We compared EAS with an RRD (n = 886) or a DSM-5 criterion A traumatic event (n = 592) against a control group (n = 544) exposed to a non-traumatic stressful life event. Utilising ANOVAs and Pearson\'s correlations we determined demographic and clinical variables associated with PTSS. ANCOVA and stepwise hierarchical regression analyses were used to determine between-group differences in PTSS.Results: Total trauma exposure and adverse childhood experiences, sex, monthly income, sexual orientation, and attachment style were significantly associated with PTSS. The RRD group had significantly higher PCL scores compared to the DSM and control groups. The mean PCL scores for both the RRD and DSM groups were above the cut-off score of 33, consistent with a probable posttraumatic stress disorder diagnosis. Significantly more RRD participants (72.9%) scored above the cut-off score of 33 than DSM-5 Trauma Group participants (55.4%).Conclusion: An RRD is a potentially traumatic event and is significantly associated with PTSS, similar to a posttraumatic stress disorder diagnosis.
Students may experience non-marital romantic relationship breakups as very painful, with various negative psychological, physical, and academic consequences. However, their painful experiences are often trivialised as something to ‘just get over’ and not acknowledged as potentially traumatic. Yet, using an attachment theory framework, breakups can be reconceptualised as subjectively traumatic.We explored the differences in posttraumatic stress symptoms of students who experienced a breakup, a traumatic event (as defined in psychiatry), and other non-traumatic life events. Students who experienced a breakup reported significantly highly posttraumatic stress symptoms.Acknowledging students’ pain following a self-defined traumatic breakup can increase help-seeking behaviour and reduce the risk of intergenerational attachment trauma. Our findings warrant further research of breakups as potentially traumatogenic events.

In this paper, a fully coupled large eddy simulation model, including the volume of fluid model, the discrete phase model, the bubble-collision model, and the bubble-breakup model was used to simulate the spatial distribution of multi-size bubbles and its impact on the instantaneous two-phase flow in a slab continuous-casting mold. The influence of the bubble-interaction model on the bubbles\' three-dimensional spatial distribution and size distribution, as well as on two-phase flow was discussed. By comparison with the velocity on the meniscus and the average bubble diameter inside a continuous-casting slab water model, the appropriate numerical model was recommended to accurately simulate the two-phase flow and characteristics of discrete bubbles. The submerged entry nozzle and the area around it saw bubble coalescence and breakage more frequently than other areas. The key interaction between the bubbles was their bouncing in the deep region of the mold. In the mold, the average bubble diameter was 0.741 mm, and 44.5% of the total number of bubbles had an approximately average diameter.

UNASSIGNED: This study aimed to explore the psychological adaptation process of renouncing fanship due to para-loveshock in the context of fandom culture.
UNASSIGNED: We adopted netnography to explore social media platforms used by fans in China (Weibo, WeChat, and Douban) as research fields for 3 years.
UNASSIGNED: (1) The process of \"breaking up with\" or renouncing an idol can be divided into three phases: the resistance phase with acute stress, the negotiation phase with bargaining, and the recovery phase with attachment reconstruction. In the resistance phase, fans displayed acute stress responses due to loveshock in psychological, physical, and behavioral aspects. In the negotiation phase, fans faced four barriers to renouncement: cognitive dissonance, emotional attachment, behavioral dependence, and social threat. They bargained within the three types of cognitive framework before deciding to \"leave\" or \"re-follow\" their idol. In the recovery phase, fans adopted two types of strategies to promote recovery: healing the past and facing the future. Healing the past involved public outcry, sharing their breakup plans, cognitive reconstruction, and seeking closure to the fan role. Facing the future involved switching environments, seeking new interests, and inhibiting the re-intrusion of trauma cues. (2) Internal factors affecting the psychological adaptation process of renouncement include the level of initiative, attribution styles, experience, attachment status and core belief systems, and alternative lifestyles; external factors include social support, peer pressure from the fan community, life stressors, and types and impact of traumatic events. (3) Based on the two dimensions of orientation and commitment, fans were classified into four types: short-term rational, short-term passionate, bounded loyal, and unconditionally loyal, corresponding to non-traumatic, stressful, accumulated, and traumatic breakup processes, respectively. (4) The post-renouncement growth of fans mainly manifested in the development of mental modes, coping skills toward trauma, emotional adaptation experience, and behavior patterns.
UNASSIGNED: This investigation of the recovery process from para-loveshock after renouncement of fanship can provide theoretical and practical insights into the development of psychological resilience for fans, reduction of the psychological distress and negative outcomes, and public governance on social media platform and cyber pop culture industry.

Sea ice is not horizontally homogeneous on large scales. Its morphology is inherently discrete and made of individual floes. In recent years, sea ice models have incorporated this horizontal heterogeneity. The modelling framework considers an evolution equation for the probability density function of the floe size distribution (FSD) with forcing terms that represent the effects of several physical processes. Despite the modelling effort, a key question remains: What is the FSD emerging from the collection of all forcing processes? Field observations have long suggested that the FSD follows a power law, but this result has not been reproduced by models or laboratory experiments. The theoretical framework for FSD dynamics in response to physical forcings is presented. Wave-induced breakup is further examined with an emphasis on how it affects the FSD. Recent modelling results suggesting the consistent emergence of a log-normal distribution as a result of that process are further discussed. Log-normality is also found in a dataset of floe sizes, which was originally analysed under the power law hypothesis. A simple stochastic process of FSD dynamics, based on random fragmentation theory, is further shown to predict log-normality. We therefore conjecture that, in some situations, the emergent FSD follows a log-normal distribution. This article is part of the theme issue \'Theory, modelling and observations of marginal ice zone dynamics: multidisciplinary perspectives and outlooks\'.

The controlled rupture of a core-shell capsule and the timely release of encapsulated materials are essential steps of the efficient design of such carriers. The mechanical and physico-chemical properties of their shells (or membranes) mainly govern the evolution of such systems under stress and notably the link between the dynamics of rupture and the mechanical properties. This issue is addressed considering weakly cohesive shells made by the interfacial complexation of Chitosan and PFacid in a planar extensional flow. Three regimes are observed, thanks to the two observational planes. Whatever the time of reaction in membrane assembly, there is no rupture in deformation as long as the hydrodynamic stress is below a critical value. At low times of complexation (weak shear elastic modulus), the rupture is reminiscent of the breakup of droplets: a dumbell or a waist. Fluorescent labelling of the membrane shows that this process is governed by continuous thinning of the membrane up to the destabilization. It is likely that the membrane shows a transition from a solid to liquid state. At longer times of complexation, the rupture has a feature of solid-like breakup (breakage) with a discontinuity of the membrane. The maximal internal constraint determined numerically marks the initial location of breakup as shown. The pattern becomes more complex as the elongation rate increases with several points of rupture. A phase diagram in the space parameters of the shear elastic modulus and the hydrodynamic stress is established.

The multiphase flow and spatial distribution of bubbles inside a continuous casting (CC) mold is a popular research issue due to its direct impact on the quality of the CC slab. The behavior of bubbles in the mold, and how they coalesce and break apart, have an important influence on the flow pattern and entrapment of bubbles. However, due to the limitations of experiments and measurement methods, it is impossible to directly observe the multiphase flow and bubble distribution during the CC process. Thus, a three-dimensional mathematical model which combined the large eddy simulation (LES) turbulent model, VOF multiphase model, and discrete phase model (DPM) was developed to study the transient two-phase flow and spatial distribution of bubbles in a continuous casting mold. The interaction between the liquid and bubbles and the coalescence, bounce, and breakup of bubbles were considered. The measured meniscus speed and bubble diameter were in good agreement with the measured results. The meniscus speed increased first and then decreased from the nozzle to the narrow face, with a maximum value of 0.07 m/s, and appeared at 1/4 the width of the mold. The current mathematical model successfully predicted the transient asymmetric two-phase flow and completely reproduced the coalescence, bounce, and breakup of bubbles in the mold. The breakup mainly occurred near the bottom of the submerged entry nozzle (SEN) due to the strong turbulent motion of the molten steel after hitting the bottom of the SEN. The average bubble diameter was about 0.6 mm near the nozzle and gradually decreased to 0.05 mm from the nozzle to the narrow face. The larger bubbles floated up near the SEN due to the effect of their greater buoyancy, while the small bubbles were distributed discretely in the entire mold with the action of the molten steel jet. Overall, the bubbles were distributed in a fan shape. The largest concentration of bubbles was in the lower part of the SEN and the upper edge of the SEN outlet.

This work presents experimental and numerical studies on the dynamics of cavitation bubbles in a nozzle-shaped microfluidic channel with PZT (lead-zirconate-titanate) actuations. It is found that a cloud of bubbles can be generated near the center of the microfluidic channel when the actuation voltage is larger than a threshold at 1 kHz. After being generated, the bubbles under actuations oscillate radially with violent expansion and compression, and simultaneously translate upstream towards the opening of the nozzle. Along with radial oscillation and translation, the bubbles undergo frequent and drastic coalescence and breakup, leading to vigorous churning of surrounding liquids. The pressure variation and distribution in the microchannel are calculated by numerical simulation in Ansys Fluent, and results show that there is a low-pressure zone inside the microfluidic channel within each cycle of the actuation period, which is responsible for bubble generation observed in the experiments. The method of bubble generation in this study is novel and can be applied for the enhancement of heat and mass transfer in microfluidic operations.

When a relationship ends, former partners must make decisions about their online, often public, connections and history, which involve a complex disentangling process. We examined post-breakup behaviors including monitoring, interacting, deleting posts/photos, deleting the former partner, deleting the partner\'s family/friends, stopping social media (SM) use, and keeping digital possessions. Participants (N = 256) who had experienced a breakup within the last year completed an online survey. Approximately 38 percent reported experiencing distress over the breakup sometimes or more often. Utilizing latent profile analysis, we identified four latent classes (or profiles) of breakup SM behaviors; we also examined associations between the class and breakup emotional distress. Most participants were clean breakers (61.3 percent), who did zero to very little monitoring, interacting, or deleting and were unlikely to delete their ex-partner, stop use, or keep digital possessions. Wistful reminiscers (12.9 percent) were similar to clean breakers in terms of engaging in very little of any deleting behaviors, stopping use, or keeping digital possessions; however, they engaged in frequent amounts of monitoring their ex-partner as well as interacting with their ex-partner and their ex-partner\'s family/friends. Ritual cleansers (15.6 percent) were similar to clean breakers in terms of engaging in very little to no monitoring and interacting; however, they engaged in deleting their SM history, their ex-partner\'s family/friends, and their ex-partner. Impulsives (10.2 percent) engaged in high amounts of all the SM behaviors. In terms of emotional distress, impulsives showed the highest levels of distress, followed by wistful reminiscers, ritual cleansers, and then clean breakers.

We studied experimentally the breakup of liquid bridges made of aqueous solutions of Poly(acrylic acid) between two separating solid surfaces with freely moving contact lines. For polymer concentrations higher than a certain threshold (~30 ppm), the contact line on the surface with the highest receding contact angle fully retracts before the liquid bridge capillary breakup takes place at its neck. This means that all the liquid remains attached to the opposing surface when the surfaces are separated. This behavior occurs regardless of the range of liquid volume and stretching speed studied. Such behavior is very different from that observed for Newtonian liquids or non-Newtonian systems where contact lines are intentionally pinned. It is shown that this behavior stems from the competition between thinning of bridge neck (delayed by extensional thickening) and receding of contact line (enhanced by shear thinning) on the surface with lower receding contact angle. If the two surfaces exhibit the same wetting properties, the upper contact line fully retracts before the capillary breakup due to the asymmetry caused by gravity, and, therefore, all the liquid remains on the lower surface.

The current study evaluates the effects of having a baby on relationship quality and stability, contrasting married and unmarried cohabiting parents (N = 179; 38% unmarried cohabiting). Participants provided several waves of data, including time points before, during, and after pregnancy. Results indicated that cohabiting parents broke up at a significantly higher rate after having a baby compared to married parents. In terms of relationship quality, interrupted time-series analyses indicated that negative communication significantly increased after baby regardless of marital status. In addition, married parents had significantly higher levels of relationship satisfaction and commitment before baby compared to cohabiting parents but experienced modest declines in relationship satisfaction after baby. Cohabiting parents did not show such declines but remained lower in satisfaction throughout the study. Gender moderated commitment trajectories, such that married and cohabiting women demonstrated decreased commitment after baby, but married and cohabiting men demonstrated no significant changes in commitment. This study adds to the literature by examining both relationship stability and relationship quality trajectories from before pregnancy to after the birth of a baby among married and cohabiting parents in the same sample. Implications of these findings for practice and future research are discussed.
El presente estudio evalúa los efectos de tener un bebé en la calidad y la estabilidad de la relación, contrastando los padres casados y los concubinos convivientes (N = 179; 38 % concubinos convivientes). Los participantes proporcionaron varias series de datos que incluyeron momentos antes, durante y después del embarazo. Los resultados indicaron que los padres concubinos se separaron a un índice considerablemente mayor después de tener un bebé en comparación con los padres casados. En cuanto a la calidad de la relación, los análisis de series de tiempo interrumpido indicaron que la comunicación negativa aumentó considerablemente después del bebé independientemente del estado civil. Además, los padres casados tuvieron niveles considerablemente más altos de satisfacción con la relación y de compromiso antes del bebé en comparación con los padres concubinos, pero tuvieron leves reducciones de la satisfacción con la relación después del bebé. Los padres concubinos no demostraron esas disminuciones pero mantuvieron una satisfacción más baja a lo largo del estudio. El género moderó las trayectorias de compromiso, de manera que las mujeres casadas y las concubinas demostraron un menor compromiso después del bebé, pero los hombres casados y los concubinos no demostraron cambios significativos en el compromiso. Este estudio enriquece la bibliografía analizando tanto las trayectorias de estabilidad de la relación como de calidad de la relación desde antes del embarazo hasta después del nacimiento de un bebé entre padres casados y padres concubinos en la misma muestra. Se debaten las consecuencias de estos resultados para la práctica y las futuras investigaciones.
本研究评估了生养孩子对夫妻关系质量和稳定性的影响，把已婚父母和未婚同居父母(总数 = 179; 38%的未婚同居)进行对比。参与者提供了几波数据，包括怀孕前、怀孕期间和怀孕后等不同时间点的情况。结果显示，与已婚父母相比，同居父母在生完孩子后分手的比例要高得多。在关系质量方面，通过间断的系列时间点的情况分析表明，无论婚姻状况如何，在婴儿出生后夫妻之间负面的沟通显著增加。此外，与同居父母相比，已婚父母在孩子出生前对婚姻关系的满意度和恪守承诺的投入程度明显更高。但在孩子出生后，已婚父母对婚姻关系的满意度则略有下降。在整个研究过程中，同居父母并没有表现出这种下降趋势，不过他们对婚姻的满意度相对而言始终保持较低水平。性别的不同也反应出在婚姻方面投入的程度变化轨迹的差异，例如已婚和同居的女性在生完孩子后婚姻关系投入水平表现出逐减的趋势，而已婚和同居的男性在婚姻关系上没有显著的变化。本文研究了同一样本中已婚和同居父母从怀孕前到孩子出生后的关系稳定性和关系质量变化的轨迹。此研究增加了现有的研究文献，文中也讨论了研究发现对实践和未来研究的意义。.