生物燃料是清洁和可再生能源资源,作为不可再生的石油基燃料的潜在替代品而受到越来越多的关注。它们来自生物质,这些生物质可以是基于动物的,也可以属于三代植物生物质(农作物,木质纤维素材料,或藻类)。包括实验研究在内的130多项研究,案例研究,文献综述,与生物乙醇生产相关的网站出版物进行了评估;该领域的科学家和研究人员已经测试了不同的方法和技术,并采用了从生物质产生生物燃料的最佳条件。这最终导致了随后的程序扩大和试点的建立,演示,以及世界某些地区的大型工厂/生物炼油厂。然而,从木质纤维素生物质生产生物乙醇仍然存在挑战,比如细胞壁的顽抗,多个预处理步骤,延长水解时间,降解产物的形成,成本,等。,这阻碍了其大规模生产的实施,这需要解决。这篇综述概述了生物质和生物能源,木质纤维素生物质的结构和组成,生物燃料分类,生物乙醇作为能源,生物乙醇生产工艺,不同的预处理和水解技术,抑制性产物的形成,发酵策略/过程,用于发酵的微生物,蒸馏,支持先进生物燃料的立法,和先进生物乙醇的工业项目。最终目标仍然是找到可能的最佳条件和技术,以可持续和廉价地生产高生物乙醇产量。
Biofuels are clean and renewable energy resources gaining increased attention as a potential replacement for non-renewable petroleum-based fuels. They are derived from biomass that could either be animal-based or belong to any of the three generations of plant biomass (agricultural crops, lignocellulosic materials, or algae). Over 130 studies including experimental research, case studies, literature reviews, and website publications related to bioethanol production were evaluated; different methods and techniques have been tested by scientists and researchers in this field, and the most optimal conditions have been adopted for the generation of biofuels from biomass. This has ultimately led to a subsequent scale-up of procedures and the establishment of pilot, demo, and large-scale plants/biorefineries in some regions of the world. Nevertheless, there are still challenges associated with the production of bioethanol from lignocellulosic biomass, such as recalcitrance of the cell wall, multiple pretreatment steps, prolonged hydrolysis time, degradation product formation, cost, etc., which have impeded the implementation of its large-scale production, which needs to be addressed. This review gives an overview of biomass and bioenergy, the structure and composition of lignocellulosic biomass, biofuel classification, bioethanol as an energy source, bioethanol production processes, different pretreatment and hydrolysis techniques, inhibitory product formation, fermentation strategies/process, the microorganisms used for fermentation, distillation, legislation in support of advanced biofuel, and industrial projects on advanced bioethanol. The ultimate objective is still to find the best conditions and technology possible to sustainably and inexpensively produce a high bioethanol yield.