OBJECTIVE: Binge eating disorder (BED), although relatively recently recognized as a distinct clinical syndrome, is the most common eating disorder. BED can occur as a separate phenomenon or in combination with other mental disorders, adding to the overall burden of the illness. Due to the relatively short history of recognizing BED as a distinct disorder, this review aimed to summarize the current knowledge on the co-occurrence of BED with other psychiatric disorders.
METHODS: This review adhered to the PRISMA guidelines. Multiple databases, such as MEDLINE, MEDLINE Complete, and Academic Search Ultimate, were used to identify relevant studies. Of the 3766 articles initially identified, 63 articles published within the last 13 years were included in this review. This systematic review has been registered through INPLASY (INPLASY202370075).
RESULTS: The most frequently observed comorbidities associated with BED were mood disorders, anxiety disorders and substance use disorders. They were also related to more severe BED presentations. Other psychiatric conditions frequently associated with BED include reaction to severe stress and adjustment disorders, impulse control disorder, ADHD, personality disorders, behavioral disorders, disorders of bodily distress or bodily experience, and psychotic disorders. Additionally, BED was linked to suicidality and sleep disorders.
CONCLUSIONS: The findings highlight the interconnected nature of BED with various psychiatric conditions and related factors, shedding light on the complexity and broader impact of BED on mental health and the need for appropriate screening and appropriately targeted clinical interventions.

Binge eating disorder (BED) is the most common specific eating disorder (ED). It is frequently associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression, bipolar disorder (BD), anxiety disorders, alcohol and nicotine use disorder, and obesity. The aim of this narrative review was to summarize the evidence for the pharmacological treatment of BED and its comorbid disorders. We recommend the ADHD medication lisdexamfetamine (LDX) and the antiepileptic and antimigraine drug topiramate for the pharmacological treatment of BED. However, only LDX is approved for the treatment of BED in some countries. Medications to treat diseases frequently comorbid with BED include atomoxetine and LDX for ADHD; citalopram, fluoxetine, sertraline, duloxetine, and venlafaxine for anxiety disorders and depression; aripiprazole for manic episodes of BD; lamotrigine, lirasidone and lumateperone for depressive episodes of BD; naltrexone for alcohol use disorder; bupropion for nicotine use disorder; and liraglutide, semaglutide, and the combination of bupropion and naltrexone for obesity. As obesity is a frequent health consequence of BED, weight gain-inducing medications, such as the atypical antipsychotics olanzapine or clozapine, the novel antidepressant mirtazapine and tricyclic antidepressants, and the mood stabilizer valproate should be avoided where possible. It is currently unclear whether the novel and promising glucagon, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists like tirzepatide and retatrutide help with BED and its comorbidities. However, these compounds have been reported to reduce binge eating in individuals with obesity or overweight.

UNASSIGNED: Comprehensive evaluation of lisedexamfetamine dimesylate (LDX) alone and in combination with topiramate (TPM) was done for treatment of binge eating disorder (BED) in adults aged 18-55 years.
UNASSIGNED: In the present randomized clinical trial study, 93 patients were selected by convenience sampling method and were allocated to two groups of 48 and 45 using the permuted block randomization method. This study was conducted from January to September 2022 in Shiraz, Iran. Patients received LDX (n = 48) or LDX plus TPM. Average dose of LDX was 37.5 mg/day and 38 mg/day in the first and second group respectively. The second group (n = 45) also received TPM with average dose of 77.7 mg/day.
UNASSIGNED: Twelve weeks treatment caused significant higher mean reduction in level of triglyceride (73.68 vs. 58.97 respectively, p = 0.024), low density lipo-protein (LDL) (9.66 vs. 5.16 respectively, p < 0.001) and body mass index (5.48 vs. 3.41 respectively, p < 0.001) with TPM plus LDX and also greater significant improvement (p < 0.001) in binge eating scale compared to use of LDX alone. Combination therapy with TPM and LDX had better tolerability and lower adverse events such as insomnia (p < 0.001), paresthesia (p = 0.001), confusion (p = 0.035) and ataxia (p = 0.009) compared to monotherapy in BED.
UNASSIGNED: The combinative treatment was more effective than single drug in terms of higher tolerability, safety and causing lesser adverse events for BED patients. However, more studies with larger samples are needed.

OBJECTIVE: Alcohol use disorder has been reported in patients undergoing bariatric procedures, but the pattern of alcohol consumption has not been evaluated. We investigated the prevalence, risk factors, and impact of binge drinking (BD) at the time of surgery and during follow-up.
METHODS: A prospective, longitudinal study of subjects undergoing bariatric surgery was included in the LABS-2 registry between 2006 and 2009. Participants with AUDIT questionnaire at the time of surgery and a minimum of 12 months follow-up were included. BD was defined as consuming ≥5 drinks on at least 1 occasion in the previous month. Liver biopsies were obtained during bariatric procedures in not all cases. Survival analysis was performed with the adjusted Cox regression model and competing risk.
RESULTS: A total of 2257 subjects were included, with a median follow-up of 79 months. The prevalence of BD at time of surgery was 12%, and it raised up to 23% during follow-up. Patients with BD predominantly had a binge eating disorder (OR=1.35 [95% CI: 1.04-1.76]), regularly consumed fast food [OR=1.4 (95% CI: 1.07-1.85)] and used other drugs (OR=2.65 [95% CI: 1.74-4.04]). Within liver biopsies evaluation, BD showed higher hepatic iron deposits (OR=3.00 [95% CI: 1.25-7.21]). BD at the time of surgery was associated with a higher risk of BD during follow-up (OR=10.49 [95% CI: 7.86-14.00]) and long-term mortality (HR: 3.21 [95% CI: 1.67-6.18]). Specific causes of death in these patients with BD were liver disease (p=0.020), suicide (p=0.015), neoplasms (p=0.034), and respiratory (p=0.025).
CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of BD in patients undergoing bariatric surgery is high and increases the risk of postoperative liver disease, suicides, and long-term mortality.

UNASSIGNED: The overvaluation of weight and shape is a diagnostic criterion in eating disorders, except in binge eating disorder (BED), where it has received less attention. This aspect is also not usually analyzed in people with overweight or obesity without an eating disorder. This research aims to identify the indicators of symptomatology, as well as those of self-construction and cognitive structure, that are associated with overvaluation in obesity, either alone or in conjunction with BED.
UNASSIGNED: A sample of 102 overweight or obese participants was accessed. The sample was divided into four groups: one without overvaluation or BED (n = 33); a second with overvaluation and without BED (n = 21); a third with BED, but without overvaluation (n = 15), and a fourth with BED and overvaluation (n = 33). The groups completed instruments regarding eating symptomatology, anxiety, depression, and stress. In addition, they were administered the Repertory Grid Technique, a semi-structured interview to evaluate the cognitive structure involved in the construal of the self and others.
UNASSIGNED: The factors of overvaluation and the presence of BED independently explained eating symptomatology, and the latter also showed a tendency to influence anxiety, depression, and stress. In terms of cognitive structure, weight polarization was explained by overvaluation, while BED was associated with a high presence of cognitive conflicts. In self-construction, BED was the factor that explained the differences, particularly in Self-Ideal discrepancy.
UNASSIGNED: The results highlight the importance of overvaluation in obesity, even in the absence of BED. Its evaluation and treatment are recommended. Furthermore, in the case of BED, it is also advisable to evaluate the overvaluation of weight and shape since it can be a severity specifier.

Because very few prospective studies have identified risk factors that predicted future onset of threshold/subthreshold anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), binge eating disorder (BED), and purging disorder (PD), we analyzed prospective data collected from a large cohort of adolescent girls followed over an 8-year period to advance knowledge about risk factor specificity. Adolescent girls recruited from middle schools in Texas (N = 492; M age = 13.02 [SD = 0.73], age range = 11-15) completed questionnaires assessing risk factors at baseline and diagnostic interviews assessing eating disorders annually over 8 years. Only low BMI predicted future AN onset. Pressure to be thin, thin-ideal internalization, body dissatisfaction, negative emotionality, low parent support, and modeling of eating pathology predicted future BN onset. Pressure to be thin, thin-ideal internalization, negative emotionality, low parent support, and modeling of eating pathology predicted future BED onset. Pressure to be thin, body dissatisfaction, dietary restraint, low parent support, modeling of eating pathology, and high BMI predicted future PD onset. Predictive effects were medium-to-large. Results support etiological theories of eating disorders that postulate the pursuit of the thin ideal, body dissatisfaction, negative affect, dietary restraint, and interpersonal issues increase risk for most eating disorders. The evidence that girls with low body weight are at risk for AN, whereas girls with high body weight are at risk for PD are novel. Although several risk factors predicted future onset of BN, BED, and PD, results suggest that risk factors for AN are qualitatively distinct and should be investigated further.

OBJECTIVE: Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (iCBT) is an innovative modality of cognitive-behavioral intervention that presents a promising therapeutic strategy for individuals diagnosed with binge spectrum eating disorders. This study employed a meta-analysis methodology to assess the clinical effectiveness and acceptability of iCBT.
METHODS: We conducted searches in databases such as PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and PsycINFO, collecting literature that met the inclusion criteria until August 5, 2023.
RESULTS: A comprehensive analysis was conducted, encompassing a total of 11 randomized controlled studies that satisfied the predetermined criteria for inclusion. The summary results demonstrated that iCBT could significantly improve the pathological features related to eating in patients with binge spectrum eating disorders and also significantly reduce the frequency of binge episodes. Additionally, iCBT could ameliorate the depressive and anxious emotions of patients with binge spectrum eating disorders and boost their self-esteem. Furthermore, a notable disparity in dropout rates was seen in comparison to the control group.
CONCLUSIONS: Heterogeneity across studies，limitations of self-assessment scales and potential publication bias.
CONCLUSIONS: iCBT can effectively assist patients with binge spectrum eating disorders in improving clinical symptoms. However, it is important to use caution when interpreting the findings of this study, as there are limitations pertaining to the quantity and quality of the included studies.

Background: Adolescents\' early responses and overall outcomes during anorexia nervosa (AN) treatment may differ by patient gender, raising the question of whether evaluating clinical data during AN treatment may require different criteria. Methods: We investigated, using patient records, whether young men and young women with AN differed in terms of early treatment response (defined as weight change and variability within the first 14 days) and whether early treatment responses predicted treatment outcomes similarly across genders. Results: Weight changes predicted patient discharge weight across all gender groups. Weight variability predicted higher disordered eating psychopathology and higher body image insecurities at discharge. Gender differences emerged only for weight gain, which was more pronounced for young men, and gender modulated the effects of weight gain and variability on general psychopathology outcomes. Conclusions: The present findings suggest that early weight changes and weight variability are similarly important predictors of AN treatment outcomes in adolescents but also hint at possible gender differences in terms of the link between weight change and, respectively, variability on general psychopathology.

OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the ecological validity of the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS 2.0) with ecological momentary assessment (EMA) and explored the internal consistency and convergent validity of a momentary food addiction scale.
METHODS: Adults (N = 49) who met criteria for binge-eating disorder and/or food addiction (age = 34.9 ± 12.1 years; 77.1% cisgender female; 55.1% non-Hispanic White) completed online questionnaires and a 10-day EMA protocol. Analyses examined (a) associations between the YFAS 2.0 and EMA-measured variables corresponding to food addiction criteria, (b) reliability of a momentary food addiction scale (EMA-FA), and (c) concurrent associations between EMA-FA and EMA-measured negative affect, impulsivity, eating expectancies, body satisfaction, consumption of palatable food, and taste response to palatable food.
RESULTS: YFAS scores were associated with EMA-reported variables corresponding to food addiction criteria (ps < .045). The multilevel reliability for EMA-FA was adequate (ω = .75-.94). Individuals with higher EMA-FA scores reported greater negative affect, impulsivity, appetite, palatable food consumption, taste response to palatable food, and contrary to expectations, greater body satisfaction (ps < .01). Within-person effects emerged for EMA-FA predicting higher negative affect, impulsivity, likelihood of palatable food consumption, more pleasurable taste responses after consuming palatable foods, yet lower body satisfaction, appetite, and eating expectancies (ps < .01).
CONCLUSIONS: Results support the ecological validity of the YFAS 2.0, and additional evidence of convergent validity and internal consistency was demonstrated for a momentary food addiction scale. This assessment of the psychometric properties of the YFAS will ultimately further its utility and relevance in the study and diagnosis of food addiction. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

BACKGROUND: Epidemiological data offer conflicting views of the natural course of binge-eating disorder (BED), with large retrospective studies suggesting a protracted course and small prospective studies suggesting a briefer duration. We thus examined changes in BED diagnostic status in a prospective, community-based study that was larger and more representative with respect to sex, age of onset, and body mass index (BMI) than prior multi-year prospective studies.
METHODS: Probands and relatives with current DSM-IV BED (n = 156) from a family study of BED (\'baseline\') were selected for follow-up at 2.5 and 5 years. Probands were required to have BMI > 25 (women) or >27 (men). Diagnostic interviews and questionnaires were administered at all timepoints.
RESULTS: Of participants with follow-up data (n = 137), 78.1% were female, and 11.7% and 88.3% reported identifying as Black and White, respectively. At baseline, their mean age was 47.2 years, and mean BMI was 36.1. At 2.5 (and 5) years, 61.3% (45.7%), 23.4% (32.6%), and 15.3% (21.7%) of assessed participants exhibited full, sub-threshold, and no BED, respectively. No participants displayed anorexia or bulimia nervosa at follow-up timepoints. Median time to remission (i.e. no BED) exceeded 60 months, and median time to relapse (i.e. sub-threshold or full BED) after remission was 30 months. Two classes of machine learning methods did not consistently outperform random guessing at predicting time to remission from baseline demographic and clinical variables.
CONCLUSIONS: Among community-based adults with higher BMI, BED improves with time, but full remission often takes many years, and relapse is common.