UNASSIGNED: Angioleiomyoma, a benign tumour of the smooth muscles of blood vessels, primarily affects individuals aged 30-50 years, with a higher incidence in females. While it commonly affects the lower extremities, it can also develop in the head and neck. However, hypopharyngeal angioleiomyomas are extremely rare, with only one documented case in world literature.
UNASSIGNED: The authors present a rare case of a 70-year-old male with symptoms of voice change and deglutition discomfort. Imaging studies indicated a hypopharyngeal mass. Direct laryngoscopy showed a well-defined mass originating from the left lateral pharyngeal wall, obstructing the left vallecula and pyriform sinus. The patient underwent anterolateral pharyngotomy with mass excision.
UNASSIGNED: After a successful anterolateral pharyngotomy, the patient experienced significant improvement in symptoms.
UNASSIGNED: Diagnosing and managing hypopharyngeal angioleiomyoma is challenging due to its unusual location. Its rarity emphasizes the importance of considering it as a possible differential when evaluating hypopharyngeal masses.

UNASSIGNED: Deep angiomyxoma (DAM) is a slow-growing benign tumor with high risk of local recurrence after surgical resection. Although DAM in a lower extremity is extremely rare, clinicians must be aware of its possible occurrence. Suspicion can be made based on clinical examination and radiological imaging but final diagnosis is confirmed on histopathological examination and immunohistochemistry. We intend to present an extremely rare case of DAM in the knee, managed successfully with marginal excision.
UNASSIGNED: A 4-year-old male child presented with the complains of a painless, progressively increasing, soft, non-tender, and fluctuant swelling in his right knee. The plain radiograph showed a non-calcified soft-tissue swelling and MRI revealed a multi-loculated cystic lesion with multiple septations. A pre-operative diagnosis of a benign cystic lesion was made. It was managed by marginal excision of the tumor and a histological diagnosis of DAM was made. IHC staining showed positivity for SMA, CD34 and vimentin were focally positive, while desmin and calponin were negative. At 12 months of follow-up, the patient had a normal painless gait and full knee ROM, without any local recurrence.
UNASSIGNED: DAM is a rare tumor which is often misdiagnosed. In this report, we present a rare case of benign cystic lesion which turned out to be DAM on HPE of resected specimen. Marginal excision of this lesion revealed good outcomes with no recurrence until 12 months of final follow-up. With this, we conclude that surgical excision should be the gold standard in cases of DAM.

Lymphoid follicular hyperplasia (LFH) is a benign lymphoproliferative disease. Although it can occur within the thoracic cavity, LFH originating from the chest wall has not been reported. A 79-year-old woman was incidentally found to have a well-defined mass on the left posterior chest wall during a preoperative examination for aortic valve replacement. The mass had slowly grown over 6 years. Thoracoscopic surgical resection was performed without complications. Pathological examination ruled out lymphoproliferative diseases, such as Castleman disease or malignant lymphoma, and a diagnosis of LFH was made. Although LFH generally has a good prognosis, surgical resection is recommended for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes owing to the possibility of malignancy masquerading as a reactive lesion. This is the first report of an LFH arising from the chest wall with imaging findings similar to other benign tumours. Its potential as a differential diagnosis for tumours with similar imaging findings is highlighted.

Wrist ganglion cysts are the most common benign soft tissue swelling in the hand and wrist. They may arise from flexor and extensor tendon sheaths, interphalangeal joints, wrist joints, and even the neural tissues around the hand and wrist. Some volar wrist ganglion cysts arise from the radiocarpal joint and scaphotrapezial joint. It is uncommonly encountered as an incidental finding during the fixation of a distal radius fracture. In our case, a volar wrist hemorrhagic ganglion cyst was incidentally found during the fixation of the fracture. Prior to the injury, the patient had no complaints of swelling over her right wrist. The cyst was removed using microscopic magnification.

A Schwannoma is a benign tumour originating from Schwann cells within the peripheral, cranial, or autonomic nerves. Typically, these tumours manifest as a solitary, slow-growing mass with smooth surface, usually devoid of significant symptoms. Schwannomas most frequently appear in individuals aged 30-50 years. Although they are relatively uncommon, approximately one-fourth of all Schwannomas are found in the head and neck area. Its occurrence within the oral cavity, with the tongue being the most common site, followed by the palate, floor of the mouth, buccal mucosa, lips, and jaws. Diagnosing these tumours before surgery can be challenging, and in most instances, a definitive diagnosis can only be established through surgical intervention and subsequent histological examination. Immunohistochemistry plays a crucial role in confirming the diagnosis, as it shows that Schwannoma cells exhibit a positive reaction to the S-100 protein. Here, we present a case of a Schwannoma in the floor of the mouth, observed in an 18-year-old male patient.

UNASSIGNED: Pleomorphic adenoma (PA) is a benign epithelial tumour originating from the salivary gland, specifically the parotid gland. This study aims to comprehensively analyse the clinical and pathological features of PA by examining the characteristics of the tumour, including its histological structure and immunohistochemical profile.
UNASSIGNED: Over 8 years, beginning in October 2015 and ending in October 2023, an exhaustive retrospective study was conducted in the Department of Pathology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal University, Karnataka, India. The research focused on 100 cases of pleomorphic adenoma and involved a meticulous examination of the clinical and pathological characteristics obtained by retrieving the pertinent files.
UNASSIGNED: Out of all the primary tumours, the majority (n = 70) was found in the parotid gland, followed by PA that developed from the minor salivary glands of the palate (n = 07), the submandibular gland (n = 17), and the lacrimal gland (n = 04). Only two cases had a primary tumour located in the lips. Females were more susceptible to these tumours than males. The parotid gland tumours showed a distinct trend in laterality, with 73 cases observed on the right side. In 85%, the initial symptom of the condition was painless swelling.
UNASSIGNED: Salivary gland PA is typically a benign tumour. However, a subset of these tumours can exhibit a malignant phenotype. The preferred treatment is surgical excision with adequate margins.

Bone tumours are frequent in children but most of them are benign. Moreover, the incidence and type of tumours differ from those of adults. As an orthopaedic surgeon, we will likely encounter a bone lesion in a child and we must be able to distinguish if it is a benign lesion or has malignant characteristics and it is necessary to refer it to a centre specialized in tumours. We will discuss the key points we would have to ask in the medical history, look at the physical examination and the radiological characteristics that will allow us to distinguish between a benign and a malignant bone lesion in a child. When there are doubts about the malignancy of a bone lesion or if the diagnosis is not clear, a biopsy should be performed following certain rules in a specialized centre.

Fibro-epithelial polyps (FEPs), also referred to as acrochordons or skin tags, are benign tumours that generally occur in women of reproductive age. They are uncommonly found in the vulva and vary in clinical appearances from small papillomatous growths to large pedunculated tumours. Typically, they are less than 5 cm. The wide range of morphological appearances of these tumours, especially when they are large, can be misinterpreted as malignant. This case involved a 30-year old multipara, 14-month post-partum who presented with a huge, irregular, firm, pedunculated mass on the right labium majus. The mass had patchy areas of skin ulceration and measured 25 cm × 15 cm × 10 cm on a 4-cm × 2-cm long stalk. It started as a 3-cm long finger-like projection with globular distal end that progressively increased in size over 7-month period. There were no swellings in other body parts. She had excisional biopsy of the mass which weighed 588 grams with histological diagnosis of inflamed FEP and had no recurrence at follow-up. This case illustrates an uncommon presentation of the second largest FEP of the vulva reported, which could be misinterpreted as malignant. Clinical, and pathological expertise with complete surgical excision are paramount for effective management to exclude atypia or malignancy and prevent recurrence.

Inverted follicular keratosis is a benign skin lesion that typically presents as an asymptomatic, solitary nodule that may mimic malignant lesions, especially squamous cell carcinoma, both clinically and pathologically. It is developed from the hair follicle infundibulum and can be considered a variant of seborrheic dermatitis. We present a case of a 26-year-old gentleman with a soft tissue mass at the external auditory canal which was later confirmed as inverted follicular keratosis and was treated by endoscopic transcanal excision of the mass with temporalis fascia graft reconstruction. He is currently under surveillance follow-up with no symptoms and signs of recurrence.

Fibro-osseous pseudotumor of the digits is a benign tumour closely related to myositis ossificans. It is a rare lesion seldom reported in the literature. We report the case of a 33-year-old woman with lancinating pain in the first phalanx of the second finger of the right hand, associated with inflammation. The histopathological examination of the surgical excision biopsy of the lesion revealed a spindle-shaped proliferation within a sclerosing, hyaline, and osteoid stroma. In our observation, immunohistochemistry and molecular biology are the main elements that helped to establish the diagnosis and eliminate the various differential diagnoses, despite a non-specific histopathological aspect.