UNASSIGNED: Hemorrhage, a sudden and severe leakage of blood due to the disruption of blood vessels, is one of the most common causes of death from injuries worldwide. Severe bleeding accounts for more than 35% of pre-hospital deaths and about 40% of deaths recorded within 24 hours of injury. One of the methods for achieving homeostasis is the use of hemostatic powders. This study compares the basic safety and performance of the most popular hemostatic powders.
UNASSIGNED: Basic safety of commercially available products were evaluated using MTT, MEM elution assay, and endotoxin testing. The in vitro performance was evaluated using water absorption capacity, water absorption rate, and adhesion strength assays.
UNASSIGNED: 4Seal, Starsil, and 4DryField extracts did not cause cytotoxicity in MTT and MEM elution assays. PerClot and SuperClot extracts demonstrated cytotoxic potential in MTT assay, while Arista extract was cytotoxic in both MEM elution and MTT assays. 4Seal has the lowest endotoxin contamination, followed by PerClot, 4DryField, SuperClot, Arista, and Starsil. 4Seal and Starsil showed significantly highest WAR among the tested samples, followed by 4DryField, Arista, PerClot, and SuperClot. Adhesion force is highest for 4Seal, followed by Starsil, PerClot, 4DryField Arista, and SuperClot.
UNASSIGNED: 4Seal is the most versatile in terms of safety and functional properties compared to 4DryField, Arista, PerClot, Starsil, and SuperClot.

Lipoptena cervi (Linnaeus), Lipoptena fortisetosa Maa, Hippobosca equina Linnaeus, and Pseudolynchia canariensis (Macquart) are hematophagous ectoparasites that infest different animal species and occasionally bite humans. Hosts are located by a complex process involving different kinds of stimuli perceived mainly by specific sensory structures on the antennae, which are the essential olfactory organs. General antennal morphology, together with distribution and ultrastructure of sensilla, have been studied in detail with scanning and transmission electron microscopy approaches. Observations have revealed some common features among the four studied hippoboscids: (a) typical concealment of the flagellum inside the other two segments; (b) characteristic trabecular surface of the flagellum; (c) peculiar external microtrichia; (d) presence on the flagellum of basiconic sensilla and grooved peg coeloconic sensilla; (e) unarticulated arista. The ultrastructure of L. fortisetosa revealed that microtrichia and the flagellar reticulated cuticle are not innervated. Different roles have been hypothesized for the described antennal structures. Microtrichia and the reticulated cuticle could convey volatile compounds towards the flagellar sensory area. Peculiar sensory neurons characterize the unarticulated arista which could be able to detect temperature variations. Coeloconic sensilla could be involved in thermoreception, hygroreception, and carbon dioxide reception at long distances, while the poorly porous basiconic sensilla could play a role in the host odour perception at medium-short distances.

Environmental stress is a major factor that affects courtship behavior and evolutionary fitness. Although mature virgin females of Drosophila melanogaster usually accept a courting male to mate, they may not mate under stressful conditions. Above the temperature optimal for mating (20-25 °C), copulation success of D. melanogaster declines with increasing temperature although we observed vigorous courtship attempts by males, and no copulation takes place at temperatures over 36 °C. We attempted to identify the sensory pathway for detecting heat threat that drives a female to escape rather than to engage in mating that detects hot temperature and suppresses courtship behavior. We found that the artificial activation of warmth-sensitive neurons (\'hot cells\') in the antennal arista of females completely abrogates female copulation success even at permissive temperatures below 32 °C. Moreover, mutational loss of the GR28b.d thermoreceptor protein caused females to copulate even at 36 °C. These results indicate that antennal hot cells provide the input channel for detecting the high ambient temperature in the control of virgin female mating under stressful conditions.

Purpose/Aim: Powdered hemostats have been widely adopted for their ease-of-use; however, their efficacy has been limited resulting in applications restricted to low-level bleeds. This study investigates the use of bovine-derived gelatin particles (BGP) as a standalone hemostatic powder and compare BGP to commercially available microporous polysaccharide hemospheres (MPH). Materials and Methods: The powders were investigated for their hemostatic efficacy in a heparinized pre-clinical bleeding model limited to grade 1 and 2 bleeds on a validated intraoperative bleeding scale, which represents the accepted, clinical use of hemostatic powders. Results: At 10 minutes, the hemostatic success of lesions treated with BGP were 78% while MPH were 22%. The odds ratio for hemostatic success of BGP relative to MPH was 15.18 (95% CI: 7.37, 31.27). The 95% lower limit of the odds ratio was greater than 1. This indicates that BGP are superior to MPH (p < 0.001). The median time to hemostasis for BGP was 1.6 minutes and MPH was 14.5 minutes. The ratio for time to hemostasis of MPH relative to BGP was 9.23 (95% CI: 6.99, 12.19). This indicates that BGP achieve significantly faster time to hemostasis (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Characterization of tissue explant ultrastructure, particle size, and swelling revealed differences in the materials. BGP, in addition to absorbing fluid and concentrating clotting factors and platelets, integrate into the clot and stabilize the fibrin matrix. BGP have advantages over MPH in terms of speed and efficacy. BGP are a favorable biomaterial for further research that greatly improve the limited efficacy of powdered hemostats.

Ayurveda is serving the mankind for centuries with a holistic approach. This system has preached to treat the diseases which are only curable by the physicians. It has advised the physicians to strictly avoid treating the incurable diseases. In order to assess the incurability of the diseases or the incurable state of a patient; this system has preached the signs and symptoms of incurability which are known as arista-vijnana, which have been described in Brhattrayi of Ayurveda. Though Caraka has placed them in a separate section of his treatise, Cakrapani and Dalhana have also spent a considerable portion in their commentaries dealing with arista-vijnana. They were two renowned scholars who have commented with a depth of wisdom on Susruta Samhita. In this paper, the author has tried to present the comparative and critical comments of both commentators based on Bhanumati and Nibandha Samgraha, respectively, over arista-vijnana as described in Sutrasthana of Susruta Samhita. Dalhana was greatly influenced by Caraka Samhita with regard to the prognostic science. On the other hand, Cakrapani repeatedly recognized the superiority of the indriya-sthana of Caraka Samhita with regard to analysis of prognostic science.