近年来,生物合成的氧化锌纳米颗粒(ZnONPs)由于其安全无毒的性质和独特的生物医学应用而受到极大的关注。各种各样的微生物(细菌,真菌和酵母)和各个部分(叶,根,水果,花,果皮,茎,等。)的植物已经被开发为方便,快速,具有成本效益和无毒的ZnONPs合成。植物提取物,微生物生物质或培养上清液含有各种生物分子,包括酶,氨基酸,蛋白质,维生素,生物碱,黄酮类化合物,等。,作为减少,在ZnONPs生物合成过程中的封端剂和稳定剂。生物合成的ZnONPs通常使用UV-VIS光谱进行表征,TEM,SEM,EDX,XRD,FTIR,等。抗生素耐药性是全球公共卫生的严重问题。由于突变,不断变化的环境环境和过度吸毒,多重耐药病原微生物的数量不断增加。为了解决这个问题,小说,迫切需要安全有效的抗菌药物。生物合成的ZnONPs由于其安全无毒的性质和强大的抗菌特性,可以成为新型有效的抗菌剂。已证明,生物合成的ZnONPs对包括多药耐药细菌在内的各种病原微生物具有很强的抗菌活性。ZnONPs可能的抗菌机制是产生活性氧,物理相互作用,破坏细胞壁和细胞膜,DNA损伤,酶失活,蛋白质变性,核糖体不稳定和线粒体功能障碍。在这次审查中,综述了利用微生物和植物生物合成ZnONPs及其表征的研究进展。此外,已经强调了生物合成的ZnONPs对各种病原微生物的抗菌应用和机理。
In recent years, biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) have gained tremendous attention because of their safe and non-toxic nature and distinctive biomedical applications. A diverse range of microbes (bacteria, fungi and yeast) and various parts (leaf, root, fruit, flower, peel, stem, etc.) of plants have been exploited for the facile, rapid, cost-effective and non-toxic synthesis of ZnONPs. Plant extracts, microbial biomass or culture supernatant contain various biomolecules including enzymes, amino acids, proteins, vitamins, alkaloids, flavonoids, etc., which serve as reducing, capping and stabilizing agents during the biosynthesis of ZnONPs. The biosynthesized ZnONPs are generally characterized using UV-VIS spectroscopy, TEM, SEM, EDX, XRD, FTIR, etc. Antibiotic resistance is a serious problem for global public health. Due to mutation, shifting environmental circumstances and excessive drug use, the number of multidrug-resistant pathogenic microbes is continuously rising. To solve this issue, novel, safe and effective antimicrobial agents are needed urgently. Biosynthesized ZnONPs could be novel and effective antimicrobial agents because of their safe and non-toxic nature and powerful antimicrobial characteristics. It is proven that biosynthesized ZnONPs have strong antimicrobial activity against various pathogenic microorganisms including multidrug-resistant bacteria. The possible antimicrobial mechanisms of ZnONPs are the generation of reactive oxygen species, physical interactions, disruption of the cell walls and cell membranes, damage to DNA, enzyme inactivation, protein denaturation, ribosomal destabilization and mitochondrial dysfunction. In this review, the biosynthesis of ZnONPs using microbes and plants and their characterization have been reviewed comprehensively. Also, the antimicrobial applications and mechanisms of biosynthesized ZnONPs against various pathogenic microorganisms have been highlighted.