抗生素抗性基因(ARGs)的存在,消毒剂抗性基因(DRGs),动物食品加工环境中的病原体(FAPE)对人类健康构成重大风险。然而,对具有定期消毒剂应用的典型商业猪屠宰场的污染和风险状况的了解有限。通过创建基于宏基因组学的总体行为和ARG的风险概况,DRGs,和九段猪屠宰场中的微生物群,一个重要的FAPE在中国。在屠宰场共检测到454个ARGs和84个DRGs,具有氨基糖苷类和季铵盐化合物的抗性基因,分别。整个屠宰连锁店是病原体的热点,包括83种人类致病菌(HPB),47芯HPB。此外,68例高风险ARGs与55例HPB显著相关,其中30种被认为是对抗生素和消毒剂具有共同抗性的潜在细菌,确认ARG的三倍风险,DRGs,和病原体在整个链条中盛行。屠宰前猪舍(PSPH)是ARGs的主要风险源,DRGs,HPB。此外,75个大肠杆菌和47个奇异变形杆菌分离株对过硫酸钾和次氯酸钠敏感,建议屠宰场应使用此类相关消毒剂。通过全基因组多基因座序列分型和单核苷酸多态性分析,在不同的屠宰区鉴定出遗传密切相关的细菌,表明细菌通过屠宰链传播。总的来说,这项研究强调了PSPH部分作为HPB的主要来源的关键作用,ARGs,和DRGs污染在商业猪屠宰场。此外,它强调了解决屠宰部门内部和之间耐抗生素和消毒剂细菌的克隆传播和交叉污染的重要性。这些问题主要归因于屠宰前动物携带的微生物负荷,car体处理,内脏治疗期间的内容暴露。我们的发现为一个健康导向的屠宰场管理实践提供了有价值的见解。
The presence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), disinfectant resistance genes (DRGs), and pathogens in animal food processing environments (FAPE) poses a significant risk to human health. However, knowledge of the contamination and risk profiles of a typical commercial pig slaughterhouse with periodic disinfectant applications is limited. By creating the overall metagenomics-based behavior and risk profiles of ARGs, DRGs, and microbiomes in a nine-section pig slaughterhouse, an important FAPE in China. A total of 454 ARGs and 84 DRGs were detected in the slaughterhouse with resistance genes for aminoglycosides and quaternary ammonium compounds, respectively. The entire slaughtering chain is a hotspot for pathogens, including 83 human pathogenic bacteria (HPB), with 47 core HPB. In addition, 68 high-risk ARGs were significantly correlated with 55 HPB, 30 of which were recognized as potential bacteria co-resistant to antibiotics and disinfectants, confirm a three-fold risk of ARGs, DRGs, and pathogens prevailing throughout the chain. Pre-slaughter pig house (PSPH) was the major risk source for ARGs, DRGs, and HPB. Moreover, 75 Escherichia coli and 47 Proteus mirabilis isolates showed sensitivity to potassium monopersulfate and sodium hypochlorite, suggesting that slaughterhouses should use such related disinfectants. By using whole genome multi-locus sequence typing and single nucleotide polymorphism analyses, genetically closely related bacteria were identified across distinct slaughter sections, suggesting bacterial transmission across the slaughter chain. Overall, this study underscores the critical role of the PSPH section as a major source of HPB, ARGs, and DRGs contamination in commercial pig slaughterhouses. Moreover, it highlights the importance of addressing clonal transmission and cross-contamination of antibiotic- and disinfectant-resistant bacteria within and between slaughter sections. These issues are primarily attributed to the microbial load carried by animals before slaughter, carcass handling, and content exposure during visceral treatment. Our findings provide valuable insights for One Health-oriented slaughterhouse management practices.