背景:在指南中,青霉素和氨青霉素的最大皮肤试验(ST)无刺激性浓度(NIC)是一致的。然而,头孢菌素的最大STNICs的指南之间存在差异。
目的:确定β-内酰胺耐受和β-内酰胺初治参与者中15种β-内酰胺的最大即时和延迟STNICs。
方法:我们执行了单中心,2019年9月至2022年1月在成年参与者中进行的非随机前瞻性研究。参与者接受了皮肤点刺试验(SPT)和皮内试验(IDT)注射,其中1个或更多β-内酰胺的浓度增加了6个。当超过5%的参与者测试呈阳性时,浓度被认为是刺激性的。阳性测试被定义为比阴性对照≥3mm,并伴有SPT/IDT≥5mm的耀斑和硬化≥5mm,并在48小时出现相关红斑,以延迟读数(dIDT)。使用3种替代IDT阳性标准进行敏感性分析。
结果:共有747名参与者,中位年龄为64岁(IQR54-72),52%的男性,85%白色92%的非西班牙裔人接受了20,858次皮肤测试。所有未稀释的SPT浓度无刺激性。我们发现以下最大IDT/dIDTNIC(mg/ml):氨苄青霉素(41.6/125),氨苄西林-舒巴坦(93.8/187.5),氨曲南(6.3/25),头孢唑啉(55/165),头孢吡肟(35/140),头孢西丁(45/90),头孢洛林(7.5/15),头孢曲松(58.3/175),头孢呋辛(55/110),厄他培南(16.6/50),亚胺培南-西拉斯汀(6.3/25),美罗培南(8.3/25),纳夫西林(31.3/62.5),苯唑西林(20.9/83.5),以及哌拉西林他唑巴坦(112.5/225)。dIDTs几乎都是完全无刺激性的接近或未稀释的浓度。当我们对原始数据应用3个IDT阳性标准时,没有差异。
结论:我们的结果表明,含有未稀释的β-内酰胺抗生素原液的SPT无刺激性。与以前发表的无刺激性浓度相比,我们建议将15种β-内酰胺抗生素的最大IDT和dIDTNIC增加2至50倍。执行dIDT时,应使用更高的浓度而不是相同的IDT浓度。
BACKGROUND: Maximal skin testing (ST) nonirritant concentrations (NICs) are consistent for penicillin and aminopenicillin amongst guidelines. However, there is variability amongst guidelines for maximal ST NICs of cephalosporins.
OBJECTIVE: To determine maximal immediate and delayed ST NICs of 15 β-lactams in β-lactam-tolerant and β-lactam-naïve participants.
METHODS: We performed a single-center, nonrandomized prospective study between September 2019 and January 2022 in adult participants. Participants received skin prick testing (SPT) and intradermal test (IDT) injections at six increasing concentrations of 1 or more β-lactams. A concentration was considered irritant when more than 5% of participants had a positive test. A positive test was defined as a wheal ≥3 mm than negative control accompanied by a ≥5 mm flare for SPT/IDT and induration ≥5 mm with associated erythema at 48 hours for delayed readings (dIDT). Sensitivity analyses using 3 alternative IDT positive criteria were conducted.
RESULTS: A total of 747 participants with a median age of 64 (IQR 54-72), 52% males, 85% White, and 92% Non-Hispanic underwent 20,858 skin tests. All undiluted SPT concentrations were nonirritant. We found the following maximal IDT/dIDT NICs (mg/ml): ampicillin (41.6/125), ampicillin-sulbactam (93.8/187.5), aztreonam (6.3/25), cefazolin (55/165), cefepime (35/140), cefoxitin (45/90), ceftaroline (7.5/15), ceftriaxone (58.3/175), cefuroxime (55/110), ertapenem (16.6/50), imipenem-cilastin (6.3/25), meropenem (8.3/25), nafcillin (31.3/62.5), oxacillin (20.9/83.5), and piperacillin-tazobactam (112.5/225). dIDTs were almost all completely non-irritant close or at undiluted concentrations. There were no differences when we applied 3 IDT positivity criteria to our raw data.
CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that SPTs with undiluted stock β-lactam antibiotic concentrations are nonirritant. Compared to previously published nonirritant concentrations, we propose a 2 to 50-fold increase to the maximal IDT and dIDT NICs of 15 β-lactam antibiotics. When performing dIDTs, a higher concentration should be used rather than the same IDT concentration.