动物育种中的基因组研究提供了广泛的参考;然而,重要的是要注意,基因和mRNA本身并不能完全捕获生物体的复杂性。蛋白质翻译后修饰,这涉及到遗传和环境因素调节的共价修饰,作为调节蛋白质结构的基本表观遗传机制,活动,和功能。在这次审查中,我们全面总结了与动物能量代谢相关的代谢酶的各种磷酸化和酰化修饰,包括乙酰化,琥珀酰化,巴豆酰化,β-羟基丁基化,乙酰乙酰化,和乳酸化。值得注意的是,与人类研究相比,动物能量代谢和修饰调节的研究落后于动物育种对生长发育的需求。因此,这篇综述通过基于人类或动物模型的相关发现,探索未报告的家畜修饰类型,提供了一个新的研究视角。
Genomic studies in animal breeding have provided a wide range of references; however, it is important to note that genes and mRNA alone do not fully capture the complexity of living organisms. Protein post-translational modification, which involves covalent modifications regulated by genetic and environmental factors, serves as a fundamental epigenetic mechanism that modulates protein structure, activity, and function. In this review, we comprehensively summarize various phosphorylation and acylation modifications on metabolic enzymes relevant to energy metabolism in animals, including acetylation, succinylation, crotonylation, β-hydroxybutylation, acetoacetylation, and lactylation. It is worth noting that research on animal energy metabolism and modification regulation lags behind the demands for growth and development in animal breeding compared to human studies. Therefore, this review provides a novel research perspective by exploring unreported types of modifications in livestock based on relevant findings from human or animal models.