altitude

高度
  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    目的:了解贵州山区食用药材的营养成分,比较不同品种的综合营养价值。
    方法:收集贵州省15种食用植物。根据国家标准,直接干燥法,凯氏定氮法测定,索氏提取法,高效液相色谱法,用电感耦合等离子体质谱法等检测方法测定一般营养素的含量,脂溶性维生素,矿物和灰。根据主成分分析和隶属函数分析中营养指标的权重排序,对9种食品药品类物质和6种中药材进行质量评价和排名。
    结果:前4个主成分的特征值大于1,累计贡献率为82.32%。与隶属函数分析相比,综合评价排名前5位的是杜仲,淫羊藿和金银花,所有这些都是食物和药物。钙的含量(851.69毫克/100克),磷(270.22mg/100g)和钾(1446.48mg/100g)最高。脂溶性维生素中胡萝卜素(21963.87μg/100g)和维生素E(57.82mg/100g)的含量最高。金银花各指标含量相对较高。
    结论:食品和药物具有药用价值和营养价值,总体营养效益高于中药材。
    OBJECTIVE: To investigate the nutritional content of edible medicinal materials in mountainous areas of Guizhou Province and compare the comprehensive nutritional value of different varieties.
    METHODS: A total of 15 kinds of edible herbs were collected from Guizhou Province. According to the national standard, direct drying method, Kjeldahl nitrogen determination method, Soxhlet extraction method, high performance liquid chromatography, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and other detection method were used to determine the content of general nutrients, fat soluble vitamins, minerals and ash. According to the weight ranking of nutritional indexes in principal component analysis and membership function analysis, the quality of 9 kinds of food and drug substances and 6 kinds of Chinese medicinal materials were evaluated and ranked.
    RESULTS: The eigenvalues of the first 4 principal components were greater than 1, and the cumulative contribution rate was 82.32%. Compared with membership function analysis, the top 5 in comprehensive evaluation were Eucommia, Epimedium and honeysuckle, all of which were food and drug substances. The contents of calcium(851.69 mg/100 g), phosphorus(270.22 mg/100 g) and potassium(1446.48 mg/100 g) were the highest. The contents of carotene(21 963.87 μg/100 g) and vitamin E(57.82 mg/100 g) were the highest in the fat-soluble vitamins of Herbimedium. The contents of various indexes of honeysuckle were relatively high.
    CONCLUSIONS: Food and pharmaceutical substances have both medicinal value and nutritional value, and the overall nutritional benefit is higher than that of Chinese medicinal materials.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    由于它们与神经血管的相互作用,小胶质细胞与高海拔(HA)对低压低氧的适应不良反应有关。为了在医管局探索这些相互作用,用集落刺激因子-1受体抑制剂消除小胶质细胞,PLX5622用于维持在HA或海平面(SL)3周的雄性C57BL/6J小鼠,然后评估离体海马长时程增强(LTP),恐惧记忆回忆和小胶质细胞动力学/生理学。我们的发现表明,在SL时,小胶质细胞的消耗会降低LTP,并将葡萄糖水平降低25%,但不会影响恐惧记忆回忆。在HA,小胶质细胞的缺失并未显著改变恐惧记忆中HA相关缺陷或HA介导的外周葡萄糖水平下降.关于皮质中的小胶质细胞动力学,HA增强了小胶质细胞监测活动,小胶质细胞的消融导致球形成过程中趋化反应增加和小胶质细胞尖端增殖减少.相比之下,血管消融增加皮质小胶质细胞尖端路径弯曲。在海马中,小胶质细胞动力学的变化仅在HA后对血管消融的反应中观察到.海马体对学习和记忆至关重要,不良的海马小胶质细胞环境依赖性适应可能是导致与HA相关的一些持久性神经功能缺损的原因.
    Due to their interactions with the neurovasculature, microglia are implicated in maladaptive responses to hypobaric hypoxia at high altitude (HA). To explore these interactions at HA, pharmacological depletion of microglia with the colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor inhibitor, PLX5622, was employed in male C57BL/6J mice maintained at HA or sea level (SL) for 3-weeks, followed by assessment of ex-vivo hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP), fear memory recall and microglial dynamics/physiology. Our findings revealed that microglia depletion decreased LTP and reduced glucose levels by 25% at SL but did not affect fear memory recall. At HA, the absence of microglia did not significantly alter HA associated deficits in fear memory or HA mediated decreases in peripheral glucose levels. In regard to microglial dynamics in the cortex, HA enhanced microglial surveillance activity, ablation of microglia resulted in increased chemotactic responses and decreased microglia tip proliferation during ball formation. In contrast, vessel ablation increased cortical microglia tip path tortuosity. In the hippocampus, changes in microglial dynamics were only observed in response to vessel ablation following HA. As the hippocampus is critical for learning and memory, poor hippocampal microglial context-dependent adaptation may be responsible for some of the enduring neurological deficits associated with HA.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    脑静脉窦血栓形成(CVST)是一种罕见的疾病,死亡率增加。有关性别特异性临床特征和相关因素的数据可用于临床诊断和管理。因此,我们旨在评估Shahrekord的CVST特征,伊朗各省中心最高的城市,被称为伊朗的屋顶。在这项回顾性横断面研究中,我们回顾了2013年4月至2023年6月间127例CVST患者的医院记录,以分析其人口学特征,临床资料,疾病结果,和风险因素。使用STROBE指南报告本研究。女性占研究的65.3%。女性年龄几乎等于男性患者(37.51±13.95岁vs38.09±16.18岁,P=.832),超过一半的患者(59.1%)已婚。临床特点显示性别间无显著差别。与男性相比,女性有多种危险因素。然而,男女的主要危险因素是CVST和高血压。大多数患者有1个窦受影响(55.9%),血栓形成部位主要在男性右侧横窦(38.63%)和女性上矢状窦(33.73%)。然而,患有2个以上鼻窦的患者大多是女性。关于放射学发现,在男性中明显可见鼻窦炎(18.18%vs3.61%)。在实验室数据中,女性的红细胞沉降率水平明显高于男性(21.66±24.39vs9.60±8.55)。这项研究表明,在CVST患者中,男性鼻窦炎的发生率明显较高,在女性中观察到更高水平的红细胞沉降率。然而,没有发现其他显著差异。更广泛的研究对于充分理解CVST的性别特异性方面至关重要。
    Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is an uncommon disorder with an increased mortality risk. Data on the sex-specific clinical profile and related factors can be practical in clinical diagnosis and management. Thus, we aimed to assess CVST characteristics in Shahrekord, the most elevated city among the centers of the provinces of Iran, referred to as the Roof of Iran. In this retrospective cross-sectional study, we reviewed the hospital records of 127 CVST patients between April 2013 and June 2023 to analyze the demographic characteristics, clinical profile, disease outcomes, and risk factors. STROBE guidelines were used to report this study. Females comprised 65.3% of the study. Females\' age was almost equal to male patients (37.51 ± 13.95 years vs 38.09 ± 16.18 years, P = .832), and more than half of the patients (59.1%) were married. Clinical characteristics showed no significant difference between the sexes. In contrast to males, females had multifarious risk factors. However, the main risk factors for both sexes were CVST and hypertension. Most patients had 1 sinus affected (55.9%), and the location of thrombosis was mainly in the right transverse sinus in males (38.63%) and superior sagittal sinus in females (33.73%). However, those with more than 2 affected sinuses were mostly women. Regarding radiological findings, sinusitis was significantly seen in men (18.18% vs 3.61%). Among laboratory data, females significantly had higher erythrocyte sedimentation rate levels than males (21.66 ± 24.39 vs 9.60 ± 8.55). This study indicates that among CVST patients, men have significantly higher occurrences of sinusitis, and higher levels of erythrocyte sedimentation rate were observed in women. However, no other significant differences were found. More extensive studies are essential to fully comprehend the sex-specific aspects of CVST.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    DNA methylation plays a crucial role in environmental adaptations. Here, using whole-genome bisulfite sequencing, we generated comprehensive genome-wide DNA methylation profiles for the high-altitude Yunnan snub-nosed monkey ( Rhinopithecus bieti) and the closely related golden snub-nosed monkey ( R. roxellana). Our findings indicated a slight increase in overall DNA methylation levels in golden snub-nosed monkeys compared to Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys, suggesting a higher prevalence of hypermethylated genomic regions in the former. Comparative genomic methylation analysis demonstrated that genes associated with differentially methylated regions were involved in membrane fusion, vesicular formation and trafficking, hemoglobin function, cell cycle regulation, and neuronal differentiation. These results suggest that the high-altitude-related epigenetic modifications are extensive, involving a complete adaptation process from the inhibition of single Ca 2+ channel proteins to multiple proteins collaboratively enhancing vesicular function or inhibiting cell differentiation and proliferation. Functional assays demonstrated that overexpression or down-regulation of candidate genes, such as SNX10, TIMELESS, and CACYBP, influenced cell viability under stress conditions. Overall, this research suggests that comparing DNA methylation across closely related species can identify novel candidate genomic regions and genes associated with local adaptations, thereby deepening our understanding of the mechanisms underlying environmental adaptations.
    DNA甲基化在生物体的环境适应中发挥重要的作用。滇金丝猴( Rhinopithecus bieti)是灵长类疣猴亚科仰鼻猴属( Rhinopithecus)物种,主要栖息在海拔3300米以上的高山针叶林,是适应最高海拔环境的非人灵长类动物。为探究表观遗传修饰在该物种高海拔适应中的作用,该研究首先通过全基因组重亚硫酸盐测序获取了滇金丝猴及其近亲——川金丝猴( R. roxellana)的全基因组甲基化图谱。研究发现川金丝猴的基因组总体甲基化水平略高于滇金丝猴,表明相对于滇金丝猴,川金丝猴基因组中存在更多的区域处于超甲基化修饰状态。比较基因组甲基化分析表明,在两种金丝猴中,差异甲基化修饰区域相关基因涉及膜融合、囊泡形成和转运、血红蛋白功能、细胞周期调控和神经分化的等生物学过程。这表明高海拔适应的表观修饰方面是一个广泛的、完整的过程,涉及单个蛋白的抑制(例如钙离子通道蛋白的抑制),以及多个蛋白共同作用(例如囊泡功能的增强、细胞增殖和分化的抑制)。进而,该研究选取了其中三个差异甲基化修饰区域相关基因(例如 SNX10、 TIMELESS和 CACYBP)进行相关细胞学实验。结果表明上调或下调本研究中的相关基因会影响细胞在胁迫条件下的存活率,这些表达情况与相关基因在滇金丝猴中甲基化修饰状态一致。综上,该研究表明对近缘物种的基因组甲基化比较分析可以为生物体适应环境提供新的候选基因组差异区或差异基因,从而提高我们对生物体适应环境机制的理解。.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    背景:青海省胆结石发病率较高。然而,胆结石发生的分子机制尚不清楚.
    方法:在本研究中,我们收集了30名胆结石患者和30名健康对照者的尿液样本。使用多组学平台分析尿样。蛋白质组学分析使用独立于数据的采集进行,而代谢组学分析使用液相色谱-质谱(LC-MS)进行.
    结果:在胆结石患者中,我们鉴定出49种下调和185种上调的差异表达蛋白,以及195种上调和189种下调的差异表达代谢物.六个途径显著富集:糖胺聚糖降解,精氨酸和脯氨酸代谢,组氨酸代谢,泛酸和辅酶A的生物合成,药物代谢-其他酶,和磷酸戊糖途径。值得注意的是,10种差异表达的蛋白质和代谢物显示出优异的预测性能并被选为潜在的生物标志物。
    结论:我们的代谢组学和蛋白质组学分析结果为高海拔地区胆石症患者的新型生物标志物提供了新的见解。
    BACKGROUND: The incidence of gallstones is high in Qinghai Province. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of gallstones remain unclear.
    METHODS: In this study, we collected urine samples from 30 patients with gallstones and 30 healthy controls. The urine samples were analysed using multi-omics platforms. Proteomics analysis was conducted using data-independent acquisition, whereas metabolomics analysis was performed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS).
    RESULTS: Among the patients with gallstones, we identified 49 down-regulated and 185 up-regulated differentially expressed proteins as well as 195 up-regulated and 189 down-regulated differentially expressed metabolites. Six pathways were significantly enriched: glycosaminoglycan degradation, arginine and proline metabolism, histidine metabolism, pantothenate and coenzyme A biosynthesis, drug metabolism-other enzymes, and the pentose phosphate pathway. Notably, 10 differentially expressed proteins and metabolites showed excellent predictive performance and were selected as potential biomarkers.
    CONCLUSIONS: The findings of our metabolomics and proteomics analyses provide new insights into novel biomarkers for patients with cholelithiasis in high-altitude areas.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    绵羊在肥沃的新月被驯化,然后在全球传播,他们遇到了各种环境条件。在过去的3000年中,藏羊已经适应了青藏高原的高海拔地区。探索与藏羊高海拔适应相关的基因组变异,我们分析了Illumina短读994个全基因组,代表了60个不同海拔高度的绵羊品种/种群,PacBio高保真(HiFi)读取13个品种,和来自12个绵羊器官的96个转录组。进行了居住海拔高度与34,298,967种变体之间的关联测试,以研究海拔高度适应的遗传结构。高度准确的HiFi读数用于在最显著相关的β-珠蛋白基因座处补充当前的绵羊参考装配,并验证13个绵羊品种中两种单倍型A和B的存在。单倍型A携带两个同源基因簇:(1)HBE1,HBE2,HBB样,HBBC,和(2)类似HBE1,HBE2-like,HBB-like,和HBB;而单倍型B缺乏第一个簇。高海拔绵羊表现出高频率或接近固定的单倍型A,而低海拔绵羊以单倍型B为主。我们进一步证明,与单倍型B相比,单倍型A的绵羊的血红蛋白-O2亲和力增加。另一个高度相关的基因组区域包含EGLN1基因,该基因在高海拔和低海拔绵羊之间显示出不同的表达。我们的结果提供了证据,有利等位基因的快速适应性进化在促进藏绵羊的环境适应中起着重要作用。
    Sheep were domesticated in the Fertile Crescent and then spread globally, where they have been encountering various environmental conditions. The Tibetan sheep has adapted to high altitudes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau over the past 3000 years. To explore genomic variants associated with high-altitude adaptation in Tibetan sheep, we analyzed Illumina short-reads of 994 whole genomes representing ∼ 60 sheep breeds/populations at varied altitudes, PacBio High fidelity (HiFi) reads of 13 breeds, and 96 transcriptomes from 12 sheep organs. Association testing between the inhabited altitudes and 34,298,967 variants was conducted to investigate the genetic architecture of altitude adaptation. Highly accurate HiFi reads were used to complement the current ovine reference assembly at the most significantly associated β-globin locus and to validate the presence of two haplotypes A and B among 13 sheep breeds. The haplotype A carried two homologous gene clusters: (1) HBE1, HBE2, HBB-like, and HBBC, and (2) HBE1-like, HBE2-like, HBB-like, and HBB; while the haplotype B lacked the first cluster. The high-altitude sheep showed highly frequent or nearly fixed haplotype A, while the low-altitude sheep dominated by haplotype B. We further demonstrated that sheep with haplotype A had an increased hemoglobin-O2 affinity compared with those carrying haplotype B. Another highly associated genomic region contained the EGLN1 gene which showed varied expression between high-altitude and low-altitude sheep. Our results provide evidence that the rapid adaptive evolution of advantageous alleles play an important role in facilitating the environmental adaptation of Tibetan sheep.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    心肺运动测试(CPET)评估肺动脉高压(PH)患者的运动能力和运动受限的原因。在高度,在健康人群中,通气模式发生变化,动脉氧分压降低;这些变化在心肺疾病患者中增加。我们的目的是比较居住在波哥大海拔(2640m)的肺动脉高压(PAH)和慢性血栓栓塞性肺动脉高压(CTEPH)患者对运动和气体交换的反应。
    所有患者均进行了增量CPET,并测量了耗氧量(VO2),死区(VD/VT),通气当量(VE/VCO2),和肺泡-动脉氧梯度(PA-aO2)。PAH和CTEPH之间的比较采用X2检验和单向方差分析。
    我们包括53名患者,29与PAH,24与CTEPH,和102控制作为对海拔运动的正常反应的参考。CTEPH患者的纽约健康协会(NYHA)功能等级高于PAH(p=0.037)。PAH和CTEPH患者的血流动力学和VO2%的预测值之间没有差异(67.8±18.7vs.66.0±19.8,p<0.05),但是那些患有CTEPH的人呼吸困难更高,VD/VT(0.36±0.09vs.0.23±0.9,p<0.001),VE/VCO2(45.8±7.1vs.39.3±5.6,p<0.001),和PA-aO2(19.9±7.6vs.13.5±7.6,p<0.001)比PAH患者高。
    在高度,PH患者在运动过程中气体交换发生严重改变。PAH和CTEPH之间的运动能力没有差异,但CTEPH患者在运动过程中有更多的呼吸困难和更大的气体交换改变.CPET使鉴定与CTEPH病理生理学相关的改变成为可能,这些改变可以解释这些患者的功能类别和呼吸困难。
    UNASSIGNED: Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) assesses exercise capacity and causes of exercise limitation in patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH). At altitude, changes occur in the ventilatory pattern and a decrease in arterial oxygen pressure in healthy; these changes are increased in patients with cardiopulmonary disease. Our objective was to compare the response to exercise and gas exchange between patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) residing at the altitude of Bogotá (2640 m).
    UNASSIGNED: All patients performed an incremental CPET with measurement of oxygen consumption ( VO 2 ), dead space (VD/VT), ventilatory equivalents (VE/ VCO 2 ), and alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient ( PA-aO 2 ). X 2 test and one-way analysis of variance were used for comparisons between PAH and CTEPH.
    UNASSIGNED: We included 53 patients, 29 with PAH, 24 with CTEPH, and 102 controls as a reference of the normal response to exercise at altitude. CTEPH patients had a higher New York Health Association (NYHA) functional class than PAH (p = 0.037). There were no differences between patients with PAH and CTEPH in hemodynamics and VO 2 % of predicted (67.8 ± 18.7 vs. 66.0 ± 19.8, p < 0.05), but those with CTEPH had higher dyspnea, VD/VT (0.36 ± 0.09 vs. 0.23 ± 0.9, p < 0.001), VE/ VCO 2 (45.8 ± 7.1 vs. 39.3 ± 5.6, p < 0.001), and PA-aO 2 (19.9 ± 7.6 vs. 13.5 ± 7.6, p < 0.001) than PAH patients.
    UNASSIGNED: At altitude, patients with PH present severe alterations in gas exchange during exercise. There were no differences in exercise capacity between PAH and CTEPH, but patients with CTEPH had more dyspnea and greater alterations in gas exchange during exercise. CPET made it possible to identify alterations related to the pathophysiology of CTEPH that could explain the functional class and dyspnea in these patients.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    茶叶是台湾重要的农产品。由于全球变暖,日益增多的极端天气破坏了茶园条件,并造成了农业经济损失。为了应对这些挑战,一个全面的茶园风险评估模型,贝叶斯网络(BN),是通过考虑各种因素而开发的,包括气象数据,灾难事件,茶园环境(位置,高度,茶树时代,和土壤特性),耕作方式,和农民采访,基于政府间气候变化专门委员会第五次评估报告(IPCCAR5)的气候变化风险分析理念,构建了茶园风险评估指标。结果表明,在验证和测试茶树损害和减产模型时,准确率超过92%。敏感性分析表明,茶树损害与减产是相互影响的,天气,受精,和灌溉也影响茶园的风险。各种全球气候模型(GCM)在气候变化情景下的风险分析表明,干旱可能构成最高的风险,分别高达41%和40%的严重茶树生长受损和茶叶产量下降。分别,其次是寒冷事件,大多数茶园对茶树生长和茶产量减少的严重影响的可能性可能不到20%。由于所有五个茶园在茶树生长和茶叶产量方面可能不会受到影响,因此大雨的影响最少,可能性为67%至85%。比较耕作方法,自然农业显示出比传统和有机方法更低的灾害风险。茶园风险评估模型可作为茶园灾害管理分析和建议的宝贵资源,并用于评估未来气象灾害对茶园的影响。
    Tea is a vital agricultural product in Taiwan. Due to global warming, the increasing extreme weather events have disrupted tea garden conditions and caused economic losses in agriculture. To address these challenges, a comprehensive tea garden risk assessment model, a Bayesian network (BN), was developed by considering various factors, including meteorological data, disaster events, tea garden environment (location, altitude, tea tree age, and soil characteristics), farming practices, and farmer interviews, and constructed risk assessment indicators for tea gardens based on the climate change risk analysis concept from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report (IPCC AR5). The results demonstrated an accuracy of over 92% in both validating and testing the model for tea tree damage and yield reduction. Sensitivity analysis revealed that tea tree damage and yield reduction were mutually influential, with weather, fertilization, and irrigation also impacting tea garden risk. Risk analysis under climate change scenarios from various global climate models (GCMs) indicated that droughts may pose the highest risk with up to 41% and 40% of serious tea tree growth damage and tea yield reduction, respectively, followed by cold events that most tea gardens may have less than 20% chances of serious impacts on tea tree growth and tea yield reduction. The impacts of heavy rains get the least concern because all five tea gardens may not be affected in terms of tea tree growth and tea yield with large chances of 67 to 85%. Comparing farming methods, natural farming showed lower disaster risk than conventional and organic approaches. The tea plantation risk assessment model can serve as a valuable resource for analyzing and offering recommendations for tea garden disaster management and is used to assess the impact of meteorological disasters on tea plantations in the future.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    背景:与植物根系相关的外生菌根(ECM和ECM样)结构是科学家的挑战。根系在土壤剖面中的分散模式和营养条件都是促使植物进行ECM关联的有利因素。
    结果:本研究讨论了菌根协会在Kobresia和Polygonum物种中的定植,Kobresiafilicina,K.Myosuroides,AlnusNitida,Betulapendula,樟子松,和在吉尔吉特-巴尔蒂斯坦(高海拔高山Deosai平原)的寒冷胁迫土壤中自然生长的三叶草,哈扎拉,斯瓦特,迪尔,还有Bajaur.将筛分的土壤批次暴露于+5°C(对照),-10,-20,-30,-40,-50,-125°C持续5小时,并在有利于ECM定殖的条件下将选定的植物播种到这些土壤中10周。在上述植物中检查了外生菌根关联。一些ECM真菌具有深色菌丝体,看起来像地幔和Hartig网。这些例子是Kobresiafilicina,K.Myosuroides,和轮胎花。这项研究的结果表明,K.myosuroides在ECM根尖长度方面表现出色,干质量,NH4浓度为-125℃。相反,A.Nitida展示了较低的值,表示其最小公差。值得注意的是,T.repens拥有最高的氮浓度(18.7±1.31mg/g),而P.sylvestris的磷含量为(3.2±0.22mg/g)。B.笔尖显示出最高的钾浓度(9.4±0.66mg/g),强调在极端寒冷条件下特定物种的养分吸收能力。PCA分析表明,参数,例如,土壤混合物中的NH4(NH4),土壤混合物中的NO3(NO3),种的土壤中的磷,Kobresiafilicina,K.Myosuroides,AlnusNitida,Betulapendula,樟子松,白三叶在+5°C的情况下最准确地表示,-10°C,和-20°C的温度。另一方面,ECM根尖(ECM)和干质量(DM)的参数最好描述为-40°C,-50°C,和-125°C的温度。所有参数对系统的可变性都有很大的影响,表明ECM的效率。热图支持与寄主植物的ECM定植呈正相关的养分。
    结论:在较低温度下,根中的菌丝和孢子减少,而在冷胁迫土壤中,叶片的可溶性磷浓度增加。由于ECM的有效功能和定殖,在最低温度处理下在K.myosuroides中发现了最大的叶面养分浓度。
    BACKGROUND: Ectomycorrhizal (ECM and ECM-like) structures associated with plant root systems are a challenge for scientists. The dispersion pattern of roots within the soil profile and the nutritional conditions are both favourable factors to motivate the plants to make ECM associations.
    RESULTS: This study discusses the colonization of mycorrhizal associations in Kobresia and Polygonum species including Polygonum viviparum, Kobresia filicina, K. myosuroides, Alnus nitida, Betula pendula, Pinus sylvestris, and Trifolium repens grown naturally in cold stressed soils of Gilgit-Baltistan (high-altitude alpine Deosai plains), Hazara, Swat, Dir, and Bajaur. Sieved soil batches were exposed to +5 °C (control), -10, -20, -30, -40, -50, -125 °C for 5 h, and selected plants were sown to these soils for 10 weeks under favourable conditions for ECM colonization. Ectomycorrhizal associations were examined in the above mentioned plants. Some ECM fungi have dark mycelia that look like the mantle and Hartig net. Examples of these are Kobresia filicina, K. myosuroides, and Polygonum viviparum. Findings of this study revealed that K. myosuroides excelled in ECM root tip length, dry mass, and NH4 concentration at -125 °C. Contrarily, A. nitida demonstrated the lower values, indicated its minimum tolerance. Notably, T. repens boasted the highest nitrogen concentration (18.7 ± 1.31 mg/g), while P. sylvestris led in phosphorus (3.2 ± 0.22 mg/g). The B. pendula showed the highest potassium concentration (9.4 ± 0.66 mg/g), emphasising species-specific nutrient uptake capabilities in extreme cold conditions. The PCA analysis revealed that the parameters, e.g., NH4 in soil mix (NH4), NO3 in soil mix (NO3), phosphorus in soil in species of Polygonum viviparum, Kobresia filicina, K. myosuroides, Alnus nitida, Betula pendula, Pinus sylvestris, and Trifolium repens are most accurately represented in cases of + 5 °C, -10 °C, and -20 °C temperatures. On the other hand, the parameters for ECM root tips (ECM) and Dry Mass (DM) are best described in -40 °C, -50 °C, and - 125 °C temperatures. All parameters have a strong influence on the variability of the system indicated the efficiency of ECM. The heatmap supported the nutrients positively correlated with ECM colonization with the host plants.
    CONCLUSIONS: At lower temperatures, hyphae and spores in roots were reduced, while soluble phosphorus concentrations of leaves were increased in cold stress soils. Maximum foliar nutrient concentrations were found in K. myosuroides at the lowest temperature treatments due to efficient functioning and colonization of ECM.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    我们使用群落系统发育学来阐明在巴布亚新几内亚威廉山上沿着完整的雨林海拔梯度(200-3700ma.s.l)收集的地理蛾(鳞翅目)的群落组装机制。基于604个物种的COI条形码的受约束系统发育用于分析8个海拔位点的1390个物种x海拔发生,这些海拔以500m的海拔增量隔开。我们获得了最近相关度指数(NRI),最近分类群指数(NTI)和Faith系统发育多样性的标准化效应大小(SES。PD)并对这些温度进行回归,植物物种丰富度和捕食者丰富度是关键的非生物和生物预测因子。我们还使用系统发育Sorensen指数量化了海拔之间的蛾群落中的β多样性。总的来说,地理群落表现出系统发育聚类,建议使用环境过滤器,特别是在海拔2200ma.s.l及以上的较高海拔处,没有过度分散的证据。NRI,NTI和SES。PD与海拔或研究的生物和非生物变量没有一致的趋势。群落结构的变化是由系统发育β多样性的周转驱动的,除了海拔2700-3200米以外,其特征是低海拔群落的嵌套子集。总的来说,地理系统发育的高程信号为弱中度。需要额外的昆虫群落系统发育研究来了解这种模式。
    We use community phylogenetics to elucidate the community assembly mechanisms for Geometridae moths (Lepidoptera) collected along a complete rainforest elevational gradient (200-3700 m a.s.l) on Mount Wilhelm in Papua New Guinea. A constrained phylogeny based on COI barcodes for 604 species was used to analyse 1390 species x elevation occurrences at eight elevational sites separated by 500 m elevation increments. We obtained Nearest Relatedness Index (NRI), Nearest Taxon Index (NTI) and Standardised Effect Size of Faith\'s Phylogenetic Diversity (SES.PD) and regressed these on temperature, plant species richness and predator abundance as key abiotic and biotic predictors. We also quantified beta diversity in the moth communities between elevations using the Phylogenetic Sorensen index. Overall, geometrid communities exhibited phylogenetic clustering, suggesting environmental filters, particularly at higher elevations at and above 2200 m a.s.l and no evidence of overdispersion. NRI, NTI and SES.PD showed no consistent trends with elevation or the studied biotic and abiotic variables. Change in community structure was driven by turnover of phylogenetic beta-diversity, except for the highest 2700-3200 m elevations, which were characterised by nested subsets of lower elevation communities. Overall, the elevational signal of geometrid phylogeny was weak-moderate. Additional insect community phylogeny studies are needed to understand this pattern.
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