鱼类驯化通过五个级别进行:从最初的驯化到圈养(级别1),到被囚禁的生命周期完成(4级),甚至实施选择性育种计划(5级)。驯化导致几代人的表型变化,有时来自第一代。行为特征是最先改变的。然而,在鱼中,早期驯化过程中潜在的行为变化很少被研究。因此,我们研究了模型物种中早期和高级驯化水平的潜在行为变化,斑马鱼(Daniorerio),使用镜子测试实验,通常用于评估参与活动的特征,侵略性,和压力在这个物种。我们比较了圈养野生斑马鱼的这些性状(F0;1级),他们的第一代圈养后代(F1;4级),和三个实验室菌株(AB,TU,和WIK;5级)。使用自动程序将每条鱼单独拍摄并跟踪5分钟。根据鱼类的运动和定位,为每个个体表征了9种行为特征和一种与活动相关的特征。我们应用了主成分分析(PCA),并使用相似性分析(ANOSIM)测试了组间潜在差异的显着性。我们应用指标值分析(IndVal)来确定各组表达最多的性状。我们检测到组间和驯化水平之间的差异。更具体地说,我们强调了不同驯化水平之间的差异(例如,F1、AB、TU,和WIK)早在驯化过程开始时(即F0与F1),但也在相同的驯化水平内(即AB与TU)。基于PCA和IndVal,(i)F0和F1表现出比其他群体更强的应激相关性状表达,(二)F0比其他人更活跃,(iii)TU比AB更具侵略性。我们的结果证实,驯化可以改变鱼类的行为,即使是在被囚禁中出生的第一代,尽管这些修改仍然有限。相比之下,我们没有观察到任何与驯化水平相关的总体趋势,考虑到AB和TU的攻击性水平不同,WIK仅与F1不同。该结果需要推广到其他物种,但也需要考虑用于水产养殖的驯化。如果未来的研究证实,在驯化过程开始时观察到的变化仍然有限,并且在鱼类的各代之间没有一致的进化趋势,这将凸显从驯化一开始就选择合适物种的至关重要性。它还将强调需要设计选择性育种计划,以塑造具有最理想特征的鱼类种群。据我们所知,这项研究是少数与实验室菌株一起检查野生斑马鱼行为的研究之一,提供对驯化早期阶段的独特见解。
Fish domestication progresses through five levels: from the initial acclimatization to captivity (Level 1), to the life cycle completion in captivity (Level 4), and even to the implementation of selective breeding programs (Level 5). Domestication leads to phenotypic changes over generations, sometimes from the very first generation. Behavioral traits are among the first to change. However, in fish, potential behavioral changes during early domestication have been little studied. Therefore, we studied potential behavioral changes among early and advanced levels of domestication in a model species, the zebrafish (Danio rerio), using a mirror test experiment, commonly used to assess traits involved in activity,
aggressiveness, and stress in this species. We compared these traits between wild zebrafish in captivity (F0; Level 1), the first generation of their captive-born offspring (F1; Level 4), and three laboratory strains (AB, TU, and WIK; Level 5). Each fish was individually filmed and tracked using an automated procedure for 5 min. Nine behavioral traits and one activity-related trait were characterized for each individual based on the movements and positioning of the fish. We applied a principal component analysis (PCA) and tested the significance of potential differences between groups using an analysis of similarities (ANOSIM). We applied an indicator value analysis (IndVal) to determine which traits were most expressed by each group. We detected differences between groups and across domestication levels. More specifically, we highlighted differentiations between different levels of domestication (e.g. between F1, AB, TU, and WIK) as early as the beginning of the domestication process (i.e. F0 vs. F1), but also within the same level of domestication (i.e. AB vs. TU). Based on PCA and IndVal, (i) F0 and F1 tended to show stronger expression of stress-related traits than the other groups, (ii) F0 was more active than others, and (iii) TU was more aggressive than AB. Our results confirmed that domestication can change fish behavior, even in the first generation born in captivity, although these modifications remain limited. In contrast, we did not observe any general trends correlated with domestication levels, given that AB and TU diverged in their
aggressiveness levels, and WIK differed only from F1. This result needs to be generalized to other species but also considered for domestication for aquaculture. If future studies confirm that the changes observed at the beginning of the domestication process remain limited and that there is no consistent evolutionary trend across generations in fish, this would highlight the crucial importance of selecting the right species from the outset of domestication. It would also emphasize the need to design selective breeding programs that shape fish stocks with the most desirable characteristics. To our knowledge, this study is one of the few to examine the behavior of wild zebrafish alongside laboratory strains, offering a unique insight into the early stages of domestication.