放线菌位于口咽和泌尿生殖道的粘膜表面。文献中越来越多地报道了放线菌的多微生物感染。由于这些感染不同于经典的放线菌病,缺乏具体的临床和影像学表现,生长缓慢的放线菌可以被视为污染物或微不足道的发现。此外,关于新型放线菌种类及其临床相关性的知识有限。最近的重新分类已导致几种放线菌转移到新的Bowdeniella属,Gleimia,Pauljensenia,Schaalia,或者Winkia.与放线菌和这些相关属的特定成员相关的疾病谱各不相同。在人类感染中,最常见的物种是以色列放线菌,SchaaliaMeyeri,和Schaalia齿托菌,是典型的口腔居民,和Gleimiaeuropaea,Schaaliaturicensis,还有Winkianeuii.在这篇叙述性评论中,目的是收集有关放线菌和相关属中特定生物在多微生物感染中的新兴作用的信息。这些包括肺部感染中的放线菌,S.meyeri在脑脓肿和下呼吸道感染中,皮肤相关感染中的绿脓杆菌,G.europaea在坏死性筋膜炎和皮肤脓肿,和W.neuii在假体和装置周围的感染组织中。增加对放线菌和相关物种在多微生物感染中的作用的理解可以为患者护理提供改善的结果。关键信息由于属的重新分类,许多以前的放线菌属属于新的鲍氏杆菌属,Gleimia,Pauljensenia,Schaalia,或者Winkia.一些物种在人类的特定感染类型中起着新兴的作用。提高对其作为多微生物感染中已确定或推定的病原体的临床相关性的认识带来改善的患者护理结果。
Actinomyces organisms reside on mucosal surfaces of the oropharynx and the genitourinary tract. Polymicrobial infections with Actinomyces organisms are increasingly being reported in the literature. Since these infections differ from classical actinomycosis, lacking of specific clinical and imaging findings, slow-growing Actinomyces organisms can be regarded as contaminants or insignificant findings. In addition, only limited knowledge is available about novel Actinomyces species and their clinical relevance. The recent reclassifications have resulted in the transfer of several Actinomyces species to novel genera Bowdeniella, Gleimia, Pauljensenia, Schaalia, or
Winkia. The spectrum of diseases associated with specific members of Actinomyces and these related genera varies. In human infections, the most common species are Actinomyces israelii, Schaalia meyeri, and Schaalia odontolytica, which are typical inhabitants of the mouth, and Gleimia europaea, Schaalia turicensis, and
Winkia neuii. In this narrative review, the purpose was to gather information on the emerging role of specific organisms within the Actinomyces and related genera in polymicrobial infections. These include Actinomyces graevenitzii in pulmonary infections, S. meyeri in brain abscesses and infections in the lower respiratory tract, S. turicensis in skin-related infections, G. europaea in necrotizing fasciitis and skin abscesses, and W. neuii in infected tissues around prostheses and devices. Increased understanding of the role of Actinomyces and related species in polymicrobial infections could provide improved outcomes for patient care. Key messages Due to the reclassification of the genus, many former Actinomyces species belong to novel genera Bowdeniella, Gleimia, Pauljensenia, Schaalia, or Winkia.Some of the species play emerging roles in specific infection types in humans.Increasing awareness of their clinical relevance as an established or a putative pathogen in polymicrobial infections brings about improved outcomes for patient care.