微塑料(MPs)(塑料颗粒<5mm)是全球公认的新兴微污染物,它通过自然栖息地的各种途径,最终进入我们的食物链。在这种情况下,本研究批判性地回顾了国会议员抽样和检测的最新进展,发生,命运,并通过描绘其通过废水排放在环境中表现出毒性的特征来去除污水处理厂(WWTP)。虽然目前没有标准协议,这项工作检查并比较了改进抽样所采用的最新方法,样品处理,并通过荧光成像和认证的方法验证参考材料表征MPs。污水处理厂中不同来源的MPs浓度在0.28至18285MPs/L(原废水)之间有很大差异,0.004-750MPs/L(流出物),和0.00023-10380MPs/kg(污泥)。已对各种WWTP中不同处理阶段的MP去除效率进行了评估,并阐明了其去除机理。初级MP的整体去除效率,次要,据报道,污水处理厂的三级处理阶段约为57-99%,78.1-99.4%,90-99.2%,分别。此外,审查涵盖了驱逐国会议员的先进治疗方法,包括膜生物反应器,混凝/絮凝,超滤,快速砂过滤,臭氧化,圆盘过滤,和反渗透,已被发现是非常有效的(>99%)。膜生物反应器已被宣布为用于去除MPs的最可靠的二级处理技术。凝固(92.2-95.7%),然后臭氧化(99.2%)作为三级处理链已被证明是最有效的从二级处理的废水中去除MP。Further,综述描述了不同处理阶段对MPs的物理和化学特性的影响,相关毒性,以及可能影响污水处理厂MP去除效率的潜在影响因素。最后,先进处理技术的优点和缺点,以减轻废水系统的污染,研究空白,并强调了未来的前景。
Microplastics (MPs) (plastic particles <5 mm) are globally acknowledged as a serious emerging micropollutant, which passes through various pathways in natural habitats and eventually ends up in our food chain. In this context, the present study critically reviews recent advances in MPs sampling and detection, occurrence, fate, and removal in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) by delineating their characteristics that manifest toxicity in the environment via effluent discharge. While there is currently no standard protocol in place, this work examined and compared the latest approaches adopted for improved sampling, sample processing, and characterization of MPs via fluorescence imaging and certified reference materials for method validation. MPs concentration from different sources in the WWTPs varies considerably ranging between 0.28 and 18285 MPs/L (raw wastewater), 0.004-750 MPs/L (effluent), and 0.00023-10380 MPs/kg (sludge). Assessment of MPs removal efficiency across different treatment stages in various in WWTPs has been performed and elucidated their removal mechanisms. The overall MPs removal efficiency in primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment stages in WWTPs reported to be around 57-99%, 78.1-99.4%, and 90-99.2%, respectively. Moreover, the review covers advanced treatment methods for removing MPs, including membrane bioreactors, coagulation/flocculation, ultrafiltration, rapid sand filtration, ozonation, disc filtration, and reverse osmosis, which have been found to be highly effective (>99%). Membrane bioreactors have been proclaimed to be the most reliable secondary treatment technique for MPs removal. Coagulation (92.2-95.7%) followed by ozonation (99.2%) as a tertiary treatment chain has been demonstrated to be the most efficient in removing MPs from secondary-treated wastewater effluent. Further, the review delineates the effect of different treatment stages on the physical and chemical characteristics of MPs, associated toxicity, and potential impact factors that can influence the MPs removal efficiency in WWTPs. Conclusively, the merits and demerits of advanced treatment techniques to mitigate MPs pollution from the wastewater system, research gaps, and future perspectives have been highlighted.