链格孢菌在具有腐生到内生生命周期的各种经济上重要的作物上引起致病性疾病。链格孢属物种的病原真菌产生许多初级和次级代谢产物(SMs)。链格孢属物种产生70多种真菌毒素。几种链格孢菌产生宿主特异性(HST)和非宿主特异性(nHST)的各种植物毒素。这些毒素对包括叶绿体在内的细胞器有各种负面影响,线粒体,质膜,核,高尔基尸体,等。非宿主特异性毒素,如tentoxin(TEN),交替酸,交替醇(AOH),交替醇9-单甲醚(AME),BrefeldinA(脱氢-),Alternuene(ALT),Altertoxin-I,Altertoxin-II,Altertoxin-III,锌醇,替纽康酸(TeA),弯管素和alterotoxin(ATX)I,II,III是已知的由链格孢属物种产生的毒素。另一方面,链格孢属物种产生许多HST,例如AK-,AF-,ACT-,AM-,AAL-和ACR-毒素,maculosin,destruxinA,B,等。是特定于宿主的,并分为不同的家庭组。这些真菌毒素是具有各种化学结构的低分子量次级代谢产物。所有的HST都有不同的动作模式,生化反应,以及在寄主植物中引起疾病的信号机制。这些HST通过影响生化和遗传修饰对宿主植物组织具有破坏性影响。宿主特异性霉菌毒素,如AK毒素,AF-毒素,AC毒素对植物具有破坏性影响,导致DNA断裂,细胞毒性,凋亡性细胞死亡,通过线粒体氧化磷酸化中断植物生理并影响膜通透性。本文将阐明几种链格孢菌HST在寄主植物上引起的疾病机制,毒素的途径以及它们如何在植物中引起疾病的理解。
Alternaria causes pathogenic disease on various economically important crops having saprophytic to endophytic lifecycle. Pathogenic fungi of Alternaria species produce many primary and secondary metabolites (SMs). Alternaria species produce more than 70 mycotoxins. Several species of Alternaria produce various phytotoxins that are host-specific (HSTs) and non-host-specific (nHSTs). These toxins have various negative impacts on cell organelles including chloroplast, mitochondria, plasma membrane, nucleus, Golgi bodies, etc. Non-host-specific toxins such as tentoxin (TEN), Alternaric acid, alternariol (AOH), alternariol 9-monomethyl ether (AME), brefeldin A (dehydro-), Alternuene (ALT), Altertoxin-I, Altertoxin-II, Altertoxin-III, zinniol, tenuazonic acid (TeA), curvularin and alterotoxin (ATX) I, II, III are known toxins produced by Alternaria species. In other hand, Alternaria species produce numerous HSTs such as AK-, AF-, ACT-, AM-, AAL- and ACR-toxin, maculosin, destruxin A, B, etc. are host-specific and classified into different family groups. These mycotoxins are low molecular weight secondary metabolites with various chemical structures. All the HSTs have different mode of actions, biochemical reactions, and signaling mechanisms to causes diseases in the host plants. These HSTs have devastating effects on host plant tissues by affecting biochemical and genetic modifications. Host-specific mycotoxins such as AK-toxin, AF-toxin, and AC-toxin have the devastating effect on plants which causes DNA breakage, cytotoxic, apoptotic cell death, interrupting plant physiology by mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and affect membrane permeability. This article will elucidate an understanding of the disease mechanism caused by several Alternaria HSTs on host plants and also the pathways of the toxins and how they caused disease in plants.