BACKGROUND: The scientific community highlighted the relevance of 3D physical models since the beginning of the XXI century, complementary to three-dimensional(3D) digital volume by computer tomography, to support court discussions on medico-legal issues. The recreation of 3D evidence can be an important tool for investigators and experts, providing a better understanding of the causes and circumstances of the events involved in a crime.
OBJECTIVE: The present study aims to assess the reproducibility of 3D printed and 3D tomographic volumes generated from mandibles following simulated forensic injuries, highlighting the recreation of crime tools.
METHODS: Concerning the study design presented, data collection was performed in three phases. Nine simulated injuries of forensic interest were selected (phase1) and all the mandibles were scanned tomographically, individually, by Cone Beam Computed Tomography CBCT (phase 2). Then, in phase 3, the DICOM images were used for 3D printing with the Ender 3® printer by the Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) technique. The data analysis followed two procedures: the comparison between the artificial mandible and 3D tomographic volume (AT) and the comparison between the artificial mandible and 3D printed volume, or the copy (AC). Data were analyzed using T-Student and ICC tests and presented in Bland-Altman plots.
CONCLUSIONS: The analogic technique applied in 3D printed volume, when compared with computerized technique, using 3D digital images and measurement, showed to be accurate and reproducible. Further studies are needed in search of standardization for three-dimensional measurements in digitized and printed volumes.

Genioplasty is a widely used surgical approach to address chin deformities by performing an osteotomy on the inferior border of the mandible to allow for comprehensive repositioning of the chin. This study aimed to compare the accuracy of freehand chin repositioning with a guided technique that employed specialised surgical guides. For this retrospective study, data from 30 adult patients who underwent orthognathic surgery to correct dentofacial deformities were analysed. All patients underwent virtual planning before surgery, with half of them treated using freehand chin repositioning and the other half using the guided technique. The surgical outcomes were measured and compared with the virtual plan to assess the positional and rotational accuracy of the techniques. In terms of translational assessment, noteworthy values that exceeded clinically acceptable limits were observed only in sagittal movement in the freehand group (0.97 mm, interquartile range (IQR) 0.73-2.29 mm). Regarding rotational accuracy, both groups exhibited an IQR that surpassed acceptable limits for pitch (3.26°, IQR 2.06-5.20 for the guided group and 2.57°, IQR 1.63-4.24° for the freehand group). The Mann-Whitney test indicated no statistical differences between the groups in any translational or rotational assessment. In conclusion, although there was no statistical difference, the guided technique proved effective in achieving clinically acceptable accuracy in all positions and almost all rotations, displaying superior results in sagittal positioning compared with the freehand technique. To fully harness the advantages of guides and to guarantee accuracy in all rotations, we recommend further research involving guides made of more rigid materials, and customised implants.

German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) is an essential oil- containing medicinal plant used worldwide. The aim of this study was to gain knowledge of the phytochemical composition and the analgesic and soporific activity of Matricaria chamomilla L. (German chamomile) flower extract and its amino acid preparations, to predict the mechanisms of their effects by molecular docking and to develop aqueous printing gels and novel 3D-printed oral dosage forms for the flower extracts. In total, 22 polyphenolic compounds and 14 amino acids were identified and quantified in the M. chamomilla extracts. In vivo animal studies with rodents showed that the oral administration of such extracts revealed the potential for treating of sleep disorders and diseases accompanied by pain. Amino acids were found to potentiate these effects. Glycine enhanced the analgesic activity the most, while lysine and β-alanine improved the soporific activity. The molecular docking analysis revealed a high probability of γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonism and 5-lipoxygenase (LOX-5) inhibition by the extracts. A polyethylene oxide (PEO)-based gel composition with the M. chamomilla extracts was proposed for preparing a novel 3D-printed dosage form for oral administration. These 3D-printed extract preparations can be used, for example, in dietary supplement applications.

The FinRay soft gripper achieves passive enveloping grasping through its functional flexible structure, adapting to the contact configuration of the object to be grasped. However, variations in beam position and thickness lead to different behaviors, making it important to research the relationship between structure and force. Conventional research using FEM simulations has tested various virtual FinRay models but replicating phenomena such as buckling and slipping has been challenging. While hardware-based methods that involve installing sensors on the gripper and the object to analyze their states have been attempted, no studies have focused on the tangential contact force related to slipping. Therefore, we developed a 16-way object contact force measurement device incorporating two-axis force sensors into each of the 16 segmented objects and compared the normal and tangential components of the enveloping grasping force of the FinRay soft gripper under two types of contact friction conditions. In the first experiment, the proposed device was compared with a device containing a six-axis force sensor in one segmented object, confirming that the proposed device has no issues with measurement performance. In the second experiment, comparisons of the proposed device were made under various conditions: two contact friction states, three object contact positions, and two object motion states. The results demonstrated that the proposed device could decompose and analyze the grasping force into its normal and tangential components for each segmented object. Moreover, low friction conditions result in a wide contact area with lower tangential frictional force and a uniform normal pushing force, achieving effective enveloping grasping.

OBJECTIVE: The International Society of Paediatric Oncology-Renal Tumour Study Group (SIOP-RTSG) discourages invasive procedures to determine the histology of paediatric renal neoplasms at diagnosis. Therefore, the histological subtype of Wilms\' tumours (WT) is unknown at the start of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. MR-DWI shows potential value as a non-invasive biomarker through apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs). This study aimed to describe MR characteristics and ADC values of paediatric renal tumours to differentiate subtypes.
METHODS: Children with a renal tumour undergoing surgery within the SIOP-RTSG 2016-UMBRELLA protocol were prospectively included between May 2021 and 2023. In the case of a total nephrectomy, a patient-specific cutting guide based on the neoadjuvant MR was 3D-printed, allowing a correlation between imaging and histopathology. Whole-tumour volumes and ADC values were statistically compared with the Mann-Whitney U-test. Direct correlation on the microscopic slide level was analysed through mixed model analysis.
RESULTS: Fifty-nine lesions of 54 patients (58% male, median age 3.0 years (range 0-17.7 years)) were included. Forty-four lesions involved a WT. Stromal type WT showed the lowest median decrease in volume after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (48.1 cm3, range 561.5-(+)332.7 cm3, p = 0.035). On a microscopic slide level (n = 240 slides) after direct correlation through the cutting guide, stromal areas showed a significantly higher median ADC value compared to epithelial and blastemal foci (p < 0.001). With a cut-off value of 1.195 * 10-3 mm2/s, sensitivity, and specificity were 95.2% (95% confidence interval 87.6-98.4%) and 90.5% (95% confidence interval 68.2-98.3%), respectively.
CONCLUSIONS: Correlation between histopathology and MR-DWI through a patient-specific 3D-printed cutting guide resulted in significant discrimination of stromal type WT from epithelial and blastemal subtypes.
CONCLUSIONS: Stromal Wilms\' tumours could be discriminated from epithelial- and blastemal lesions based on high apparent diffusion coefficient values and limited decrease in volume after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. This may aid in future decision-making, especially concerning discrimination between low- and high-risk neoplasms.
CONCLUSIONS: MR-DWI shows potential value as a non-invasive biomarker in paediatric renal tumours. The patient-specific cutting guide leads to a correlation between apparent diffusion coefficient values and Wilms\' tumour subtype. Stromal areas could be discriminated from epithelial and blastemal foci in Wilms\' tumours based on apparent diffusion coefficient values.

UNASSIGNED: Three-dimensional printing has evolved into a cost-effective and accessible tool. In orthopedic surgery, creating patient-specific anatomical models and instrumentation improves visualization and surgical accuracy. In pediatric orthopedics, three-dimensional printing reduces operating time, radiation exposure, and blood loss by enhancing surgical efficacy. This review compares outcomes of three-dimensional printing-assisted surgeries with conventional surgeries for upper and lower extremity pediatric surgeries.
UNASSIGNED: A complete search of medical literature up to August 2023, using Ovid Medline, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library was conducted in compliance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Broad search terms included \"pediatrics,\" \"orthopedic,\" and \"3D-printing.\" Eligible studies were assessed for intraoperative time, blood loss, and fluoroscopy exposure.
UNASSIGNED: Out of 3299 initially identified articles, 14 articles met inclusion criteria. These studies included 409 pediatric patients, with ages averaging 9.51 years. The majority were retrospective studies (nine), with four prospective and one experimental study. Studies primarily utilized three-dimensional printing for navigation templates and implants. Results showed significant reductions in operative time, blood loss, and radiation exposure with three-dimensional printing. Complication occurrences were generally lower in three-dimensional printing surgeries, but there was no statistical significance.
UNASSIGNED: Three-dimensional printing is an emerging technology in the field of orthopedics, and it is primarily used for preoperative planning. For pediatric upper and lower extremity surgeries, three-dimensional printing leads to decreased operating room time, decreased intraoperative blood loss, and reduced radiation exposure. Other uses for three-dimensional printing include education, patient communication, the creation of patient-specific instrumentation and implants.
UNASSIGNED: Level III.

Early loss of deciduous teeth is a challenging situation to handle. In recent years, the loss of deciduous teeth has become very frequent because of the increased risk of caries. Space maintainers play a vital role in preventing space loss. Lingual arch space maintainers are effectively used to maintain space in the lower arch. In order to retain the length of the lower arch and to prevent mesial migration of the mandibular first permanent molar, lingual arch space maintainers are often indicated. Conventional lingual arch fabrication is technique-sensitive and cumbersome. Additionally, it has many documented drawbacks like solder breakage, cement loss, soft tissue lesions, etc. With the advent of newer technology like three-dimensional (3D) printing, the fabrication of appliances and prostheses has become more predictable, accurate, and relatively easier. The present case report highlights the technique and advantages of 3D printing to fabricate lingual arch space maintainers, which has the potential to revolutionize preventive orthodontics in pediatric dentistry.

UNASSIGNED: Multimodal imaging plays a crucial role in evaluating suspected cardiac tumours. In recent years, three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has continued to advance such that image-based 3D-printed models have been incorporated into the auxiliary diagnosis and treatment of cardiac tumour diseases. The purpose of this review is to analyze the existing literature on the application of 3D printing in cardiac tumour surgery to examine the current status of the application of this technology.
UNASSIGNED: By searching PubMed, Cochrane, Scopus and Google Scholar, as well as other resource databases, a completed review of the available literature was performed. Effect sizes from published studies were investigated, and results are presented concerning the use of 3D surgical planning in the management of cardiac tumours.
UNASSIGNED: According to the reviewed literature, our study comes to the point that 3D printing is a valuable technique for planning surgery for cardiac tumours. As shown in the review report, Mucinous and sarcomatous tumours are the most commonly used tumours for 3D printing, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) are the most commonly used technologies for preparing 3D printing models, the main printing technology is stereolithography, and the most used 3D modeling software is Mimics. The printing time and cost required for 3D printing are affected by factors such as the size of the type, complexity, the printed material and the 3D printing technology used. The reported research shows that 3D printing can understand the anatomy of complex tumour cases, virtual surgical simulation, as well as facilitate doctor-patient communication and clinical teaching.
UNASSIGNED: These results show that the development of 3D printing technology has brought more accurate and safe perioperative treatment options for patients with cardiac tumours. Therefore, 3D printing technology is expected to become a routine clinical diagnosis and treatment tool for cardiac tumours.

BACKGROUND: Acetabular component positioning in total hip arthroplasty (THA) is of key importance to ensure satisfactory post-operative outcomes and to minimize the risk of complications. The majority of acetabular components are aligned freehand, without the use of navigation methods. Patient specific instruments (PSI) and three-dimensional (3D) printing of THA placement guides are increasingly used in primary THA to ensure optimal positioning.
OBJECTIVE: To summarize the literature on 3D printing in THA and how they improve acetabular component alignment.
METHODS: PubMed was used to identify and access scientific studies reporting on different 3D printing methods used in THA. Eight studies with 236 hips in 228 patients were included. The studies could be divided into two main categories; 3D printed models and 3D printed guides.
RESULTS: 3D printing in THA helped improve preoperative cup size planning and post-operative Harris hip scores between intervention and control groups (P = 0.019, P = 0.009). Otherwise, outcome measures were heterogeneous and thus difficult to compare. The overarching consensus between the studies is that the use of 3D guidance tools can assist in improving THA cup positioning and reduce the need for revision THA and the associated costs.
CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of 3D printing and PSI for primary THA can significantly improve the positioning accuracy of the acetabular cup component and reduce the number of complications caused by malpositioning.

UNASSIGNED: To assess thickness variations of thermoformed and 3D-printed clear aligners.
UNASSIGNED: Six different thermoplastic materials with different initial thicknesses were used for aligner thermoforming using Biostar® device (Biostar®, SCHEU-DENTAL GmbH, Iserlohn, Germany). Also, two different dental resins were used to create the printed aligners in three digitally designed thicknesses using IZZI Direct printer (3Dtech, Zagreb, Croatia). The aligners were measured using an electronic micrometer (ELECTRONIC UNIVERSAL MICROMETER, Schut Geometrical Metrology, Groningen, The Netherlands, accuracy: 0.001 mm) on a total of 20 points per aligner. Statistical analysis was performed using the JASP program (JASP, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands).
UNASSIGNED: The difference between the thermoformed and printed groups was statistically significant. Significant differences between different thermoformed materials and between 3D-printed materials were found. The thickness of thermoformed aligners deviated more in the upper jaw, whereas the thickness of printed aligners deviated more in the lower jaw. Both differences were statistically significant. The greatest average deviation from the initial thickness was found in Duran 0.75; Erkodur 0.6; Erkoloc-Pro 1.0; IZZI 0.5; NextDent 0.6 and NextDent A 0.6. NextDent group had the lowest deviations for all teeth of both jaws, except for upper and lower first molar where NextDent A group was more accurate.
UNASSIGNED: Thermoformed aligners showed decreased values, while printed ones showed mostly increased values compared to the original material thickness. The highest mean deviation belonged to IZZI group, and the NextDent group had the lowest mean deviation. The thickness of both aligners was thinner at the edges compared to the thickness at cusps and fissures.