CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with reduced visual acuity (VA) may drive with bioptic telescopes in some jurisdictions. The effect of bioptic telescope use on on-road recognition distances is important for driving safety, as increased recognition distances increase the time available to react to road signs or driving events.
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the impact of bioptic telescope use on visual recognition of road signs, traffic lights, and hazards in an on-road driving environment in individuals with reduced VA.
METHODS: Ten individuals (mean ± standard deviation age, 39.1 ± 19.1 years) with reduced VA (trained to use bioptic telescopes) participated in a repeated-measures on-road experiment for two viewing conditions, with and without a bioptic telescope (randomized order). Participants underwent a clinical low vision assessment, including high-contrast VA with and without the bioptic telescope aligned, visual fields, and contrast sensitivity testing. For the driving component, participants seated in the front passenger seat of a moving car reported all road signs, traffic lights, and hazards (unpredictable road events that represent a risk to driving safety including other vehicles, cyclists, pedestrians) seen along a route that included suburban roads and highways. Video cameras captured participants\' viewing behavior, verbal commentary, and the distance at which three pre-selected road signs were reported.
RESULTS: In the eye with the bioptic telescope, high-contrast VA improved from 0.75 ± 0.17 (without) to 0.25 ± 0.1 logMAR with the bioptic telescope. Bioptic telescope use did not affect the percentage of road signs, traffic lights, or hazards correctly recognized but did result in 2.6 times longer recognition distances (49 ± 23 vs. 19 ± 11 m, t9 = 5.02, p<0.001).
CONCLUSIONS: Road signs were recognized at significantly longer distances when using a bioptic telescope, confirming their positive impact on timely visual recognition of objects within the driving scene. Future work should explore whether this effect generalizes to individuals using bioptic telescopes when driving a vehicle.

The present work reports a systematic study of the potential degradation of metals and dielectric thin films in different space environments. The mono- and bilayers selected are made of materials commonly used for the realization of optical components, such as reflective mirrors or building blocks of interferential filters. More than 400 samples were fabricated and irradiated with protons at different energies on ground-based facilities. The fluences were selected as a result of simulations of the doses delivered within a long-term space mission considering different orbits (Sun close, Jovian, and Geostationary orbits). In order to stress the samples at different depths and layer interfaces, experiments were carried out with a range of proton energies within 1 and 10 MeV values. An estimate of a safe maximum fluence has been provided for each type of sample at each energy. The damage mechanism, when present, has been investigated with different optical and structural techniques.

UNASSIGNED: Bioptic telescopic spectacles can allow individuals with central vision impairment to obtain or maintain driving privileges. The purpose of this study was to (1) compare hazard perception ability among bioptic drivers and traditionally licensed controls, (2) assess the impact of bioptic telescopic spectacles on hazard perception in drivers with vision impairment, and (3) analyze the relationships among vision and hazard detection in bioptic drivers.
UNASSIGNED: Visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and visual field were measured for each participant. All drivers completed the Driving Habits Questionnaire. Hazard perception testing was conducted using commercially available first-person video driving clips. Subjects signaled when they could first identify a traffic hazard requiring a change of speed or direction. Bioptic drivers were tested with and without their bioptic telescopes in alternating blocks. Hazard detection times for each clip were converted to z-scores, converted back to seconds using the average response time across all videos, and then compared among conditions.
UNASSIGNED: Twenty-one bioptic drivers and 21 normally sighted controls participated in the study. The hazard response time of bioptic drivers was improved when able to use the telescope (5.4 ± 1.4 seconds vs 6.3 ± 1.8 seconds without telescope); however, it remained significantly longer than for controls (4.0 ± 1.4 seconds). Poorer visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and superior visual field sensitivity loss were related to longer hazard response times.
UNASSIGNED: Drivers with central vision loss had improved hazard response times with the use of bioptic telescopic spectacles, although their responses were still slower than normally sighted control drivers.
UNASSIGNED: The use of a bioptic telescope by licensed, visually impaired drivers improves their hazard detection speed on a video-based task, lending support to their use on the road.

BACKGROUND: Various ocular implants were suggested as a means of enhancing vision in patients with advanced age related macular degeneration. Recently, a new generation of implantable telescopes has been released. The purpose of this study is to report the surgical technique of implantation along with patient outcomes.
METHODS: This work focuses on the surgical technique. Crucial surgical steps are carefully reported along with discussion on main drawbacks and limitations.
RESULTS: This approach uses a preloaded delivery system with improved features and requires a smaller incision. First patient outcomes are also reported.
CONCLUSIONS: Surgical steps to implant this preloaded intraocular telescope are easier than previous versions, however this remains a complex procedure. Initial patient functional outcomes look promising.

As the demand for CO[Formula: see text] laser surgeries continues to grow, the quality of their main instrument, the laser micromanipulator, becomes increasingly important. However, in many surgery systems, a large ratio of the laser power is wasted due to the reflection from the mirror of a telescopic system, like a Cassegrain telescope, back to the laser side, which not only decreases the system\'s efficiency but can also damage the system itself. In this article, we introduce a new design of the micromanipulator telescope for CO[Formula: see text] laser surgery, which employs a Bessel beam to improve the system efficiency. As in the propagation of a Bessel beam, the power of the light beam can be transferred from the center to a ring shape, the whole power reflected from the first mirror can reach the second mirror and no power goes back to the second mirror hole. The micromanipulator telescope design and optimization are carried out using Zemax Optics Studio, and the integration of the Bessel beam into the system is implemented using MATLAB. Our simulation results show that by applying the appropriate Bessel beam, the system efficiency can reach more than 96%, and the normalized peak irradiance can increase by 40 to 73% for various working distances. In addition to increasing the system efficiency and normalized peak irradiance, resulting in a sharper surgical blade, the use of the Bessel beam enhances the depth of focus, making the system less sensitive to depth misalignment.

暂无摘要。

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate three months follow-up of SING IMT implant in patients affected by late-stage AMD.
METHODS: Prospective cohort study.
METHODS: In a total of 80 eyes of 40 patients who underwent the enrollment tests, 11 patients\' eyes affected by late-stage AMD matched the inclusion criteria and underwent SING IMT implant from February to June 2022.
METHODS: Before surgery, each patient underwent the enrollment examination to verify inclusion and exclusion criteria.
METHODS: BCVA for distance and for near, IOP, ACD and ECD were evaluated at 1 and 3 months follow up. Also quality of life in doing the activities of daily life was evaluated.
RESULTS: BCVA for distance and for near improved from baseline to 3 months follow up (23.91 ± 9.418 ETDRS letters and 59.09 ± 11.58 ETDRS letters respectively (p < 0.001). An endothelial cell loss was shown (p < 0.001), with a rate of cell density reduction around 8.3% (baseline vs 3 months).
CONCLUSIONS: SING IMT could be a valid surgical device to improve patients\' sight and quality of life which have been deteriorated by late-stage macular degeneration. Further studies with more patients and longer follow up are needed to confirm our results.

暂无摘要。

3D exoscopy based on Video Telescope Operating Monitor (VITOM) technology provides good visualization quality and portability. There are few data on comparison of extracorporeal telescoping with microsurgical techniques in spinal surgery.
To compare the effectiveness of VITOM 3D exoscopy and microsurgical techniques in spinal surgery.
A prospective study included 80 patients (54 men and 26 women). Two groups were distinguished: group 1 (ES, n=40) - VITOM 3D exoscopy, group 2 (SM, n=40) - Pentero 900 surgical microscope. We analyzed surgery time, postoperative rehabilitation, hospital-stay and complications. ES and microsurgical technique were compared using the questionnaire by Takahashi S. and rapid upper limb assessment (RULA).
Conventional microsurgical technique was characterized by less surgery time (p<0.05) and morbidity (p=0.02). Postoperative rehabilitation and hospital-stay were similar (p=0.26 and p=0.39, respectively). Image quality in ES was comparable to microsurgical technique in shallow accesses and manipulations perpendicular to skin incision. Availability of neurosurgical instruments at different depths of the wound channel was comparable in both groups. The limitation of ES was length of skin incision, depth of the wound and its visualization at certain angle. These features required expansion of surgical approach or conversion of intervention. In general, surgeons rated intraoperative posture comfort as comparable in both groups that was consistent with the RULA scale.
VITOM 3D exoscopy is an alternative to traditional microscopy and more ergonomically beneficial in spinal surgery in case of manipulations perpendicular to skin incision and shallow wide accesses. There are several important limitations of this device including difficult manipulations in narrow deep wounds and visualization under certain angle.
3D-экзоскопия, основанная на технологии Video Telescope Operating Monitor (VITOM), обладает хорошим качеством визуализации и портативностью. Информация о сравнении экстракорпоральной телескопии с микрохирургической техникой в спинальной хирургии ограничена.
Проведение сравнительного анализа эффективности использования 3D-экзоскопии VITOM и микрохирургической техники при выполнении спинальных нейрохирургических вмешательств.
В проспективное исследование включены 80 пациентов (54 мужчины и 26 женщин). Выделено две группы: в 1-й (ЭС, n=40) использовалась 3D-экзоскопия VITOM, во 2-й (ОМ, n=40) — операционный микроскоп Pentero 900. Анализировалось: длительность операции, сроки активизации, продолжительность госпитализации и осложнения. Сравнение процедур ЭС и ОМ производили по опроснику S. Takahashi и экспресс-оценке RULA (rapid upper limb assessment).
При использовании ОМ отмечены меньшая длительность операции (p<0,05) и число осложнений (p=0,02). Сроки активизации и длительность стационарного лечения не имели различий (p=0,26 и p=0,39 соответственно). Качество изображения при ЭС было сопоставимым с ОМ при неглубоких доступах и манипуляциях, перпендикулярных к кожному разрезу. Доступность использования нейрохирургического инструментария на различной глубине раневого канала при ЭС было сравнимым с ОМ. Ограничением ЭС являлась длина кожного разреза, глубина раны и ее визуализация под углом, что требовало расширения хирургического доступа или конверсии вмешательства. В целом хирурги оценили уровень комфорта интраоперационной позы сопоставимым, что соответствовало шкале RULA.
Использование 3D-экзоскопии VITOM в спинальной хирургии при манипуляциях, перпендикулярных к кожному разрезу и неглубоких широких доступах представляется безопасной альтернативой традиционной микроскопии, а также является более эргономически выгодным для операционной бригады. Выявлено несколько важных ограничений этого устройства, включающих сложность манипуляций в узких глубоких раневых коридорах с затруднением визуализации доступа под углом.

Objective. Oblique-viewing laparoscopes are popular in laparoscopic surgeries where the target anatomy is located in narrow areas. Their viewing direction can be shifted by telescope rotation without changing the laparoscope pose. This rotation also changes laparoscope camera parameters that are estimated by camera calibration to be able to reproject an anatomical model onto the laparoscopic view, creating augmented reality (AR). The aim of this study was to develop a camera model that accounts for these changes, achieving high reprojection accuracy for any telescope rotation.Approach. Camera parameters were acquired by calibrations encompassing a wide telescope rotation range. For those parameters showing periodic changes upon rotation, interpolation models were created and used to establish an updatable camera model. With this model, corner points of a tracked checkerboard were reprojected onto the checkerboard laparoscopic images, at random rotation angles. Root-mean-square reprojection errors (RMSEs) were calculated between the reprojected and imaged corner points.Main results. Reprojection RMSEs were low and approximately independent on telescope rotation angle, over a wide rotation range of 320°. The mean reprojection RMSE was 2.8±0.7 pixels for a conventional laparoscope and 3.6±0.7 pixels for a chip-on-the-tip (COTT) laparoscope, corresponding to 0.3±0.1 mm and 0.4±0.1 mm in world coordinates respectively. Worst-case reprojection errors were about 9 pixels (0.8 mm) for both laparoscopes.Significance. The camera model developed in this study improves on existing models for oblique-viewing laparoscopes because it provides high reprojection accuracy independent of the telescope rotation angle and is applicable for conventional and chip-on-a-tip oblique-viewing laparoscopes. The work presented here is an important step towards creating accurate AR in image-guided interventions where oblique-viewing laparoscopes are used while simultaneously providing the surgeon the flexibility to rotate the telescope to any desired rotation angle.Acronyms. CC: camera coordinates; CCToolbox: camera calibration toolbox; COTT: chip-on-the-tip; CS: camera sensor; DD: decentering distortion; FL: focal length; OTS: optical tracking system; PP: principal point; RD: radial distortion; SI: supplementary information;tHE:hand-eye translation component.