背景:由于不同的患病率,外伤性牙齿损伤(TDI)正在成为一种世界性的现象,他们的病因被认为是多因素和复杂的各种危险因素之间的相互作用。如果以所有可能的科学方式分析和解释风险因素,这些是可以预防的。这项研究的目的是评估世界卫生组织(WHO)指数适龄儿童和青少年(12岁和15岁)中的各种环境风险因素(TDI的发生地点)。
方法:这是在阿里加尔市进行的流行病学横断面研究,北方邦,印度,2018年,样本量为1000。采用多阶段随机抽样技术。通过在城市不同地区的十个随机选择的采样点(学校)中进行牙科检查和自我准备的形式进行结构化访谈来收集研究数据。随后,将数据输入Excel表格,然后使用社会科学统计软件包(SPSS)软件进行卡方检验分析.
结果:总体而言,学校(63;46.7%)被发现是TDI最普遍的环境风险因素,其次是家庭(37;27.4%),路边(10;7.4%),和游乐场(9;6.7%)。十五名(11.1%)受影响人士未能回忆起TDI事件的地点,而0.7%(1)在其他地方有TDI发生。在12岁指数年龄的儿童中,家庭(15%;34.1%)是农村地区TDI最常见的地方,而学校(27;67.5%)是城市地区TDI最常见的地方。在15岁指数年龄的青少年中,学校(19;59.4%)被发现是农村地区最常见的地方,而学校(9;47.4%)是城市地区TDI最常见的地方。
结论:环境因素,尤其是校舍,基础设施,和玩耍设施,需要升级和建造,强调为儿童提供更安全的环境。老师们,父母,应该对学童进行教育,并使他们了解学校和家庭中牙齿受伤的预防措施。在户外运动和娱乐活动中,儿童和青少年应强制使用适当的安全装备。
BACKGROUND: Traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) are becoming a worldwide phenomenon owing to their variable prevalence, and their etiology is considered multifactorial and complex in interactions among various risk factors. These are preventable if risk factors are analyzed and interpreted in all possible scientific manners. The objective of this study was to assess the various environmental risk factors (places of occurrence of
TDI) among World Health Organization (WHO) index-aged children and adolescents (12 and 15 years).
METHODS: This was the epidemiological cross-sectional study conducted in Aligarh City, Uttar Pradesh, India, in the year 2018, with a sample size of 1000. Multistage random sampling technique was employed. Study data were collected by doing dental examination and structured interview with self-prepared pro forma in ten randomly selected sampling sites (schools) from different regions of the city. Subsequently, data were entered in an Excel sheet and then analyzed with the Chi-square test using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software.
RESULTS: Overall, school (63; 46.7%) was found to be the most prevalent environmental risk factor for TDI followed by home (37; 27.4%), roadside (10; 7.4%), and playground (9; 6.7%). Fifteen (11.1%) affected individuals were not able to recall the place of the
TDI incident, while 0.7% (1) had
TDI occurrence in other places. Among 12-year index-aged children, home (15; 34.1%) was the most common place of
TDI in rural regions, while school (27; 67.5%) was the most frequent place of
TDI in urban regions. Among 15-year index-aged adolescents, school (19; 59.4%) was found to be the most common place in rural regions, whereas school (9; 47.4%) was the most frequent place of TDI in urban regions.
CONCLUSIONS: Environmental factors, especially school premises, infrastructure, and playing facilities, need to be upgraded and built with an emphasis on a safer environment for children. Teachers, parents, and school children should be educated and made aware of the preventive measures for dental injuries in schools and homes. Appropriate safety gears should be mandatory to use among children and adolescents during outdoor sports and recreational activities.