The reuse of hydroxyapatite particles (HAPs) as a granulation activator for anammox sludge was explored to address the remaining issues of time-consuming and unstable granular structure in anammox granulation. During the granulation, nitrogen removal capacity from 2.8 to 13.7 gN/L/d was obtained within 193 days, accompanied by an enhancement in bio-activity from 0.23 to 0.52 gN/gVSS/d. HAPs and anammox microorganisms coupled well to aggregate into granules for denser biomass, higher settleability, and stronger mechanical properties, which effectively improved the biomass retention capacity and structural strength of the sludge system. A skeleton structure formed by the HAPs was characterized during the transformation of the granules, playing a crucial role in strengthening the stability of the sludge. The intermediate processes of granulation were thus clarified to propose an evolutionary pathway for anammox-HAP granules. The pre-addition of HAPs is conducive to achieving faster anammox granulation and rapid process start-up for high-strength wastewater treatment.

UNASSIGNED: The stability criterion approach is very important for estimating precise behavior before or after fabricating brain computer interface system applications.
UNASSIGNED: A novel approach using the Routh-Hurwitz standard criterion method is proposed to easily determine and analyze the stability of brain computer interface system applications. Using this developed approach, we were able to easily test the stability of technical issue using simple programmed codes before or after brain computer interfaces fabrication applications.
UNASSIGNED: Using a MATLAB simulation program package, we are able to provide two different special case examples such as a first zero element and a row of zeros to verify the capability of our proposed Routh-Hurwitz method.
UNASSIGNED: The MATLAB simulation program provided efficient Routh-Hurwitz standard criterion results by differentiating the highest coefficients of the s and a.
UNASSIGNED: This technical paper explains how to use our proposed new Routh-Hurwitz standard condition to simply ascertain and determine the brain computer interface system stability without customized commercial simulation tools.

In the era of continuous development in Internet of Things (IoT) technology, smart services are penetrating various facets of societal life, leading to a growing demand for interconnected devices. Many contemporary devices are no longer mere data producers but also consumers of data. As a result, massive amounts of data are transmitted to the cloud, but the latency generated in edge-to-cloud communication is unacceptable for many tasks. In response to this, this paper introduces a novel contribution-a layered computing network built on the principles of fog computing, accompanied by a newly devised algorithm designed to optimize user tasks and allocate computing resources within rechargeable networks. The proposed algorithm, a synergy of Lyapunov-based, dynamic Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks, and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), allows for predictive task allocation. The fog servers dynamically train LSTM networks to effectively forecast the data features of user tasks, facilitating proper unload decisions based on task priorities. In response to the challenge of slower hardware upgrades in edge devices compared to user demands, the algorithm optimizes the utilization of low-power devices and addresses performance limitations. Additionally, this paper considers the unique characteristics of rechargeable networks, where computing nodes acquire energy through charging. Utilizing Lyapunov functions for dynamic resource control enables nodes with abundant resources to maximize their potential, significantly reducing energy consumption and enhancing overall performance. The simulation results demonstrate that our algorithm surpasses traditional methods in terms of energy efficiency and resource allocation optimization. Despite the limitations of prediction accuracy in Fog Servers (FS), the proposed results significantly promote overall performance. The proposed approach improves the efficiency and the user experience of Internet of Things systems in terms of latency and energy consumption.

The ecological risks of surfactants have been largely neglected because of their low toxicity. Multiscale studies have indicated that even if a pollutant causes no acute toxicity in a test species, it may alter interspecific interactions and community characteristics through sublethal impacts on test organisms. Therefore, we investigated the lethal and sublethal responses of the plankton species Scenedesmus quadricauda, Chlorella vulgaris, and Daphnia magna, to surfactant Tween-80. Then, high-scale responses in grazer life-history traits and stability of the D. magna-larval damselfly system were further explored. The results showed that discernible adverse effects on the growth or survival of the three plankton species were evident only at exceptionally high concentrations (≥100 mg L-1). However, 10 mg L-1 of Tween-80 notably affected the MDA concentration in grazer species, simultaneously displaying a tendency to diminish grazer\'s heartbeat and swimming frequency. Furthermore, Tween-80 reduced the grazer reproductive capacity and increased its predation risk by larval damselflies, which ultimately jeopardized the stability of the D. magna-larval damselfly system at much lower concentrations (10-100 fold lower) than the individual-scale responses. This study provides evidence that high-scale traits are far more sensitive to Tween-80, compared with individual-scale traits for plankton organisms, suggesting that the ecological risks of Tween-80 demand careful reassessment. SYNOPSIS: The concentration of Tween-80 needed to induce changes in community characteristics is markedly lower than that needed to produce individual-scale consequences. Thus, high-scale analyses have broad implications for understanding the hazardous effects of surfactants compared with an individual-scale analysis.

Conventional high-salt dilute-state soy sauce is vulnerable to precipitation after processing, which will reduce the systemic stability and nutrition of soy sauce. This work aims to optimize key steps of the soy sauce fermentation process to improve its stability and reduce precipitation. The amino acid nitrogen (AAN) and the total nitrogen (TN) contents of the new soy sauce were 8.3 g/L and 18.7 g/L, which were significantly enhanced by 33.9% and 14.0%, respectively, compared to the control group. More flavor substances were detected in the new soy sauce, including furans and pyrazines, which contribute to the special flavor of soy sauce. The particle size distribution curve was significantly shifted to the left, and the absolute value of zeta-potential increased. The new fermentation process soy sauce had a higher raw material utilization rate, smaller average particle size of 15.56 μm, and significantly higher stability when combined with the rheological examination. Consequently, the quality and flavor of soy sauce can be improved by using the new fermentation process.

The influence of biochar on anaerobic digestion (AD) of organic waste have been widely studied. However, the effect of biochar on the mitigation of acidification and subsequently the stimulation of methanogenesis recovery during mono food waste (FW) digestion process under a low inoculum to substrate (I/S) ratio (i.e. a high organic loading) is rarely investigated. In this study, the benefit of biochar with respect to methane production from FW was explored in a mono FW AD system with four different additional amounts of biochar, i.e. 0, 5, 10 and 15 g/L. Results revealed that biochar boosted methane production in AD at a low I/S ratio by 390-530% through stimulating methanogenic activity, improving organics removal and enhancing process stability. The biochar dosage of 10 g/L demonstrated the highest biodegradability of 92.3% and the highest specific methane production of 553.0 mL/g VSremoved among all groups. Without biochar addition, volatile fatty acids (VFAs) accumulated to 20 g/L and the highest total ammonium-N (TAN) was > 1200 mg/L. The suppression of methanogenesis was significantly correlated with VFA and TAN (p < 0.05). Therefore, biochar addition presented a positive effect on VFAs degradation and buffering capacity which could be an effective approach to enhance methane production from FW digestion at a low inoculum to substrate ratio without the fear of system failure.

Using supplements has proven to be efficient in improving frozen dough quality, but how supplement structures affect dough quality is poorly understood. Here, we analyze the relationship between fine structures of added maltodextrin and the stability of frozen dough system. Five different-structure maltodextrins were utilized in the preparation of frozen dough. Results showed that dextrose equivalent (DE) value of maltodextrin was not the only factor, glucosidic linkage ratio, molecular weight and average chain length of maltodextrin synergistically impacted dough system stability. Dough with highly-polymerized maltodextrin exhibited higher bound-water ratios and elastic modulus, as well as lower starch crystallinity compared with Control dough after 8-week frozen storage. The addition of lowly-polymerized maltodextrin accelerated the gassing rate of dough but upset the balance between gas production and retention, causing declines in the specific volume of bread. These findings would provide some references for exploring the effects of structural differences of the supplement on frozen dough quality.

A frequency spectrum segmentation methodology is proposed to extract the frequency response of circuits and systems with high resolution and low distortion over a wide frequency range. A high resolution is achieved by implementing a modified Dirichlet function (MDF) configured for multi-tone excitation signals. Low distortion is attained by limiting or avoiding spectral leakage and interference into the frequency spectrum of interest. The use of a window function allowed for further reduction in distortion by suppressing system-induced oscillations that can cause severe interference while acquiring signals. This proposed segmentation methodology with the MDF generates an interleaved frequency spectrum segment that can be used to measure the frequency response of the system and can be represented in a Bode and Nyquist plot. The ability to simulate and measure the frequency response of the circuit and system without expensive network analyzers provides good stability coverage for reliable fault detection and failure avoidance. The proposed methodology is validated with both simulation and hardware.

The widely used stability parameter, the zero moment point (ZMP), which is usually defined on the ground, is redefined, in this paper, in two different ways to acquire a more general form that allows its application to systems that are not supported only on the ground, and therefore, their support polygon does not extend only on the floor. This way it allows to determine the stability of humanoid and other floating-based robots that are interacting with the environment at arbitrary heights. In the first redefinition, the ZMP is represented as a line containing all possible ZMPs, called the zero moment line (ZML), while in the second redefinition, the ZMP is represented as the ZMP angle, i.e., the angle between the ZML and the vertical line, passing through the center of mass (COM) of the investigated system. The first redefinition is useful in situations when the external forces and their acting locations are known, while the second redefinition can be applied in situations when the COM of the system under study is known and can be tracked. The first redefinition of the ZMP is also applied to two different measurements performed with two force plates, two force sensors, and the Optitrack system. In the first measurement, a subject stands up from a bench and sits down while being pulled by its hands, while in the second measurement, two subjects stand still, hold on to two double handles, and lean backward. In both cases, the stability of the subjects involved in the measurements is investigated and discussed.

The effects of rotating speed (120, 130, 140 and 150 rpm) of a photo-reactor on the self-sustaining algal-bacterial photo-granules sludge (ABPG) was investigated in this study. The ABPG process maintained good granular stability at 140 rpm with an integrity coefficient of 3.0% and excellent nutrient removal. The increases of the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) content, the portions of α-helix (32.37%) in the secondary protein structure, and the relative abundance of functional bacteria (e.g. Candidatus_Competibacter), contributed to the maintenance of granular structure stability. However, the lower rotating speed (120 and 130 rpm) resulted in slow bacterial growth and reproduction while a higher rotating speed (150 rpm) caused the disintegration of photo-granules. Overall, the results reveal the influencing mechanisms of photo-reactor rotating speed on the self-sustaining ABPG process and provide an effective approach to maintain the system stability.