UNASSIGNED: While recent years have seen a number of studies of social networks in therapeutic communities (TCs) and other residential settings, these have primarily focused on male residents. This paper aims to conduct a longitudinal social network analysis of interpersonal interactions in a TC for women.
UNASSIGNED: The data consists of a longitudinal directed social network of instances of feedback between 56 residents of a 16 bed TC for women over a period of 611 days. Mean age of the participants was 33.1 years, mean length of stay was 133.9 days and 91% of the participants were female. Feedback consisted of written affirmations for prosocial behavior and written corrections for contravening TC norms. Data was analyzed using a latent factor longitudinal social network model.
UNASSIGNED: Residents react to peer intervention in complex ways. Residents reciprocated affirmations (B = 0.14, 95% confidence interval = 0.10, 0.18) and corrections (B = 0.20, 95% CI = 0.13, 0.25). Controlling for reciprocity, participants who received affirmations were more likely to affirm and correct peers (B = 0.10, 95% CI = 0.06, 0.15; B = 0.17, 95% CI = 0.10, 0.23), suggesting that the encouragement offered by affirmations leads to increased activity. Homophily by admission time occurred in both affirmations and corrections (B = 0.23, 95% CI = 0.10, 0.37; B = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.29, 0.74).
UNASSIGNED: While affirmations and corrections serve as vehicles for behavioral reinforcement and social learning, they also allow residents to interact in ways that strengthen social bonds.

UNASSIGNED: There are growing concerns about commonly inflated effect sizes in small neuroimaging studies, yet no study has addressed recalibrating effect size estimates for small samples. To tackle this issue, we propose a hierarchical Bayesian model to adjust the magnitude of single-study effect sizes while incorporating a tailored estimation of sampling variance.
UNASSIGNED: We estimated the effect sizes of case-control differences on brain structural features between individuals who were dependent on alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, methamphetamine, or cannabis and non-dependent participants for 21 individual studies (Total cases: 903; Total controls: 996). Then, the study-specific effect sizes were modeled using a hierarchical Bayesian approach in which the parameters of the study-specific effect size distributions were sampled from a higher-order overarching distribution. The posterior distribution of the overarching and study-specific parameters was approximated using the Gibbs sampling method.
UNASSIGNED: The results showed shrinkage of the posterior distribution of the study-specific estimates toward the overarching estimates given the original effect sizes observed in individual studies. Differences between the original effect sizes (i.e., Cohen\'s d) and the point estimate of the posterior distribution ranged from 0 to 0.97. The magnitude of adjustment was negatively correlated with the sample size (r = -0.27, p < 0.001) and positively correlated with empirically estimated sampling variance (r = 0.40, p < 0.001), suggesting studies with smaller samples and larger sampling variance tended to have greater adjustments.
UNASSIGNED: Our findings demonstrate the utility of the hierarchical Bayesian model in recalibrating single-study effect sizes using information from similar studies. This suggests that Bayesian utilization of existing knowledge can be an effective alternative approach to improve the effect size estimation in individual studies, particularly for those with smaller samples.

Regression analysis was carried out to examine the association between certain socio-demographic characteristics and substance use among internally displaced persons (IDPs). Using an adapted version of the Drug Use Disorder Identification Test (DUDIT) instrument, cross-sectional survey data were obtained from 520 IDPs living in three camps located in Maiduguri, Borno state of Nigeria. The data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences software version 21.0. Specifically, this article provides data about the participants\' demographic characteristics, the types of substances they use, reasons for using such substances, and the prevalence of substance use. This dataset can offer valuable multivariate information for future research agendas in similar, or closely related study populations. This cross-sectional dataset is also valuable for policymakers who are seeking ways to intervene in the substance use problem, as well as other associated social vices, affecting the vulnerable population of IDPs.

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The aim of this meta-analysis was to compare psychodynamic with other treatments in studies of substance addiction. The literature search was conducted using the PubMed, Web of Science, Cohcrane library, SCOPUS, and Onesearch databases. All studies comparing psychodynamic therapy with other types of psychological interventions for Substance Use Disorder were eligible. Three outcomes were considered to compare intervention performance: substance use, participation in treatment and other symptomatic conditions (OSCs). Hedges\' G was used to measure effect size. The Revised Cochrane Risk of Bias tool for randomized trials was used to assess quality of evidence and possible bias, Egger regression analyses for publication bias, and Q and I-square statistics were used to assess heterogeneity. The alcohol group showed no differences between treatments on the three outcomes. The cocaine group showed no significant differences in the two outcomes, while for OSCs, available data was insufficient. The opioids group showed small but significant differences regarding participation in favor of non-psychodynamic interventions and no significant results for other outcomes. Based on the three measures of recovery considered in this meta-analysis, psychodynamic interventions were shown to be as effective as other psychological treatments in treating substance dependence and proved to be an empirically-supported treatment for the above addictions.

More than 109,000 Americans died of drug overdose in 2022, with 81,231 overdose deaths involving opioids. Methadone, buprenorphine and naltrexone are the most widely used medications for opioid use disorders (MOUD) and the most effective intervention for preventing overdose deaths. However, there is a concern that methadone results in long QT syndrome, which increases the risk for fatal cardiac arrythmias. Currently few studies have systematically evaluated both the short-term and long-term differences in cardiac and mortality outcomes between MOUD.
To compare the risks of cardiac arrythmias, long QT syndrome and overall mortality between patients with opioid use disorders (OUD) who were prescribed methadone, buprenorphine or naltrexone.
Retrospective cohort study based on a multicenter and nationwide database of electronic health records (EHRs) in the United States. The study population was comprised of 144,141 patients who had medical encounters for OUD in 2016-2022, were prescribed MOUD within 1 month following a medical encounter for OUD diagnosis and had no diagnosis of cardiac arrythmias or long QT syndrome before any MOUD prescription. The study population was divided into three cohorts: (1) Methadone cohort (n = 40,938)-who were only prescribed methadone. (2) Buprenorphine cohort (n = 80,055)-who were only prescribed buprenorphine. (3) Naltrexone cohort (n = 5,738)-who were only prescribed naltrexone.
methadone, buprenorphine, or naltrexone.
Cardiac arrythmias, long QT syndrome, and death. Hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of outcomes at six different follow-up time frames (1-month, 3-month, 6-month, 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year) by comparing propensity-score matched cohorts using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis.
Patients with OUD who were prescribed methadone had significantly higher risks of cardiac arrhythmias, long QT syndrome and death compared with propensity-score matched patients with OUD who were prescribed buprenorphine or naltrexone. For the 1-month follow-up, the overall risk for cardiac arrythmias was 1.03% in the Methadone cohort, higher than the 0.87% in the matched Buprenorphine cohort (HR: 1.20, 95% CI: 1.04-1.39); The overall risk for long QT syndrome was 0.35% in the Methadone cohort, higher than the 0.15% in the matched Buprenorphine cohort (HR: 2.40, 95% CI: 1.75-3.28); The overall mortality was 0.59% in the Methadone cohort, higher than the 0.41% in the matched Buprenorphine cohort (HR: 1.48, 95% CI: 1.21-1.81). The increased risk persisted for 5 years: cardiac arrhythmias (HR: 1.31, 95% CI: 1.23-1.38), long QT syndrome (HR: 3.14, 95% CI: 2.76-3.58), death (HR: 1.50, 95% CI: 1.41-1.59).
Methadone was associated with a significantly higher risk for cardiac and mortality outcomes than buprenorphine and naltrexone. These findings are relevant to the development of guidelines for medication selection when initiating MOUD treatment and inform future medication development for OUD that minimizes risks while maximizing benefits.

The present meta-analytic study examined the association between alexithymia and psychoactive substance use. Studies published from 1988 to August 20, 2022 were identified by a systematic search and 168 eligible studies were included in five meta-analyses. Results showed that (1) the correlation between substance use and alexithymia is small but significant (r = 0.177); (2) substance users have substantially higher alexithymia than nonusers (g = 0.545); (3) alexithymic participants have significantly but slightly higher levels of substance use than non-alexithymics (g = 0.242); (4) substance users are significantly but only slightly more likely to be alexithymic than nonusers (OR = 2.392); and (5) alexithymic individuals are not more likely to be substance users than non-alexithymics. Larger effects were observed among samples diagnosed with substance use disorder (SUD), and the use of depressants, alcohol, opiates, and illicit stimulants had stronger relation to alexithymia. We found a tendency for a larger association with problematic use as compared to other indicators (e.g., frequency and duration) of substance use. Among the components of alexithymia, difficulties in identifying feelings has the strongest association with substance use. Our findings support clinical practice by suggesting the improvement of emotion regulation in SUD.

BACKGROUND: The Spanish Yale Food Addiction Scale for Children (S-YFAS-C) scale is the first tool adapted to Spanish to evaluate food addiction (FA) in the paediatric population. The aim of this study is to preliminarily evaluate the degree of FA in a non-clinical pilot paediatric population.
METHODS: A transversal observational study was performed on a convenience sample comprised of boys and girls aged 9 to 12 (4th to 6th year primary school). The main outcome measures were evaluation of FA (S-YFAS-C scale), child feeding attitudes (ChEAT scale) and evaluation of body image (CDRS scale). Moreover, sociodemographic and anthropometric data were collected. A descriptive and bivariate analysis of the main characteristics of subjects and outcome measures was performed.
RESULTS: A total of 21 boys and 24 girls were preliminarily evaluated and the minimum and maximum values obtained were for age (9.48-12.33), weight in kilograms (26.6-64.5), height in centimetres (131-163), BMI (14.2-27.9) and BMI Z-score (-1.36-2.66). The average number of FA symptoms measured with the S-YFAS-C scale is 1.67 ± 1.45 (range 0-7). A total of 20% of the sample shows three or more symptoms for FA, risk of developing a food disorder and distortion of the body image. Moreover, statistically significant differences were observed between desired body image in boys and girls (P = 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS: The S-YFAS-C scale enables evaluating food addiction in Spanish-speaking boys and girls. The data obtained in regard to quantifying symptoms are similar compared to the original scale (S-YFAS-C: 1.67 ± 1.45 vs. YFAS-C: 2 ± 1.81). The option to score the counting of symptoms is the most sensitive measure to evaluate subclinical food behaviours.
The Spanish Yale Food Addiction Scale for Children (S-YFAS-C) scale is the first tool adapted to Spanish to evaluate food addiction (FA) in the paediatric population. The aim of this study is to preliminarily evaluate the degree of FA in a non-clinical pilot paediatric population. A total of 21 boys and 24 girls were preliminarily evaluated and 20% of the sample shows three or more symptoms for FA, risk of developing a food disorder and distortion of the body image. The S-YFAS-C scale enables evaluating food addiction in Spanish-speaking boys and girls. The data obtained in regard to quantifying symptoms are similar compared to the original scale.

Rho GTPases family are considered to be molecular switches that regulate various cellular processes, including cytoskeleton remodeling, cell polarity, synaptic development and maintenance. Accumulating evidence shows that Rho GTPases are involved in neuronal development and brain diseases, including substance dependence. However, the functions of Rho GTPases in substance dependence are divergent and cerebral nuclei-dependent. Thereby, comprehensive integration of their roles and correlated mechanisms are urgently needed. In this review, the molecular functions and regulatory mechanisms of Rho GTPases and their regulators such as GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) and guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) in substance dependence have been reviewed, and this is of great significance for understanding their spatiotemporal roles in addictions induced by different addictive substances and in different stages of substance dependence.

Child laborers are often defined as work that deprives children of their childhood, their potential and their dignity, and that is harmful to physical and mental development. Child laborers are one of the most vulnerable groups in domestic violence. Domestic violence severely affects the physical and mental health, and consequently affects substance dependence and resilience to suicide of these children. Accordingly, it is essential to examine domestic violence, substance dependence, and suicidal ideation in working children.
the present study aimed to investigate the relationship between exposure to domestic violence and substance dependence and suicide resilience on the other among child laborers in Iran.
This study employed cross-sectional research. 600 child laborers were selected via convenience and snow ball sampling from one rehabilitation and welfare center and three charity organization societies in the west of Iran, from January to August 2022. They completed questionnaires. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 22 and with using descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation) and ANOVA, independent t-test and the multiple linear regression model with a backward strategy.
Findings showed that exposure to domestic violence has a strong and direct correlation with substance dependence (r = 0.94, p < 0.001) and strong and indirect correlation with suicide resilience (r =- 0.91, p < 0.001). Also substance dependence has a strong and direct correlation with suicide resilience (r = -0.87, p < 0.001) in child laborers. Variables of substance dependence, suicide resilience, gender, guardian\'s disease status, living status and age can predict 76.51% of the variance in domestic violence in these children.
Child laborers experience a lot of domestic violence, which severely affects their suicide resilience and substance dependence in them. Therefore, there is an urgent need for systematic support programs with content (teaching self-care behaviors, stress management, avoiding tense and violent environments) in order to support of these children and reduce domestic violence against them and subsequently reduce substance improve abuse resilience to suicide in these children.