Cognitive abilities are hypothesized to affect survival and life span in nonhuman animals. However, most tests of this hypothesis have relied on interspecific comparisons of indirect measures of cognitive ability, such as brain size. We present direct evidence that individual variation in cognitive abilities is associated with differences in life span in a wild food caching bird. We measured the spatial cognitive abilities and tracked the life span of 227 mountain chickadees (Poecile gambeli) in their natural environment and found that individuals with better spatial learning and memory abilities involved in food caching lived longer. These results confirm that enhanced cognitive abilities can be associated with longer life in wild animals and that selection on cognitive abilities can lead to increased life span.

The effect of hibernation on cognitive capacities of individuals is not fully understood, as studies provide conflicting results. Most studies focus on behavioural observations without taking the physiological state of individuals to account. To mechanistically understand the effect of hibernation on the brain, physiological parameters need to be included. The implantation of bio-loggers can provide insights on i.e. body temperature without further manipulation of the animals. Surgeries and anaesthesia, however, can harm animals\' health and cause cognitive dysfunction, potentially biasing data collected through bio-loggers. We investigated the effects of bio-logger implantation surgery on cognitive performance and learning, controlling for animal and study design characteristics. First, juvenile dormice successfully learned to solve a spatial cognition task using a vertical maze. Distance, transitions, velocity, and duration were measured as indicators for performance. After training, bio-loggers were implanted intra-abdominally under general anaesthesia. Animals were re-tested in the maze two weeks after. We found no effect of bio-logger implantation and surgery on performance. This study is the first to show spatial cognition learning in edible dormice and provides a full description of the peri-anaesthetic management and a protocol for bio-logger implantation surgery in dormice. Importantly, measures were taken to mitigate common anaesthetic complications that could lead to post-operative cognitive dysfunction and influence animal behaviour. By pairing physiological measurements through bio-logger implantation with behaviour and cognition measurements, future research will significantly advance the understanding on mechanisms of learning and behaviour.

Reliance on digital navigation aids has already shown negative impacts on navigators\' innate spatial abilities. How this happens is still an open research question. We report on an empirical study with twenty-four experienced (male) taxi drivers to evaluate the long-term impacts of in-car navigation system use on the spatial learning ability of these navigation experts. Specifically, we measured cognitive load by means of electroencephalography (EEG) coupled with eye tracking to assess their visuospatial attention allocation during a video-based route-following task while driving through an unknown urban environment. We found that long-term reliance on in-car navigation aids did not affect participants\' visual attention allocation during spatial learning but rather limited their ability to encode viewed geographic information into memory, which, in turn, led to greater cognitive load, especially along route segments between intersections. Participants with greater dependence on in-car navigation aids performed worse on the spatial knowledge tests. Our combined behavioral and neuropsychological findings provide evidence for the impairment of expert navigators\' spatial learning ability when exposed to long-term use of digital in-car navigation aids.

BACKGROUND: The authors had previously developed AnaVu, a low-resource 3D visualization tool for stereoscopic/monoscopic projection of 3D models generated from pre-segmented MRI neuroimaging data. However, its utility in neuroanatomical education compared to conventional methods (specifically whether the stereoscopic or monoscopic mode is more effective) is still unclear.
METHODS: A three-limb randomized controlled trial was designed. A sample (n = 152) from the 2022 cohort of MBBS students at Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram (GMCT), was randomly selected from those who gave informed consent. After a one-hour introductory lecture on brainstem anatomy and a dissection session, students were randomized to three groups (S - Stereo; M - Mono and C - Control). S was given a 20-min demonstration on the brainstem lesson module in AnaVu in stereoscopic mode. M was given the same demonstration, but in monoscopic mode. The C group was taught using white-board drawn diagrams. Pre-intervention and post-intervention tests for four domains (basic recall, analytical, radiological anatomy and diagram-based questions) were conducted before and after the intervention. Cognitive loads were measured using a pre-validated tool. The groups were then swapped -S→ M, M →S and C→S, and they were asked to compare the modes.
RESULTS: For basic recall questions, there was a statistically significant increase in the pre/post-intervention score difference of the S group when compared to the M group [p = 0.03; post hoc analysis, Bonferroni corrections applied] and the C group [p = 0.001; ANOVA test; post hoc analysis, Bonferroni corrections applied]. For radiological anatomy questions, the difference was significantly higher for S compared to C [p < 0.001; ANOVA test; post hoc analysis, Bonferroni corrections applied]. Cognitive load scores showed increased mean germane load for S (33.28 ± 5.35) and M (32.80 ± 7.91) compared with C (28.18 ± 8.17). Subjective feedbacks showed general advantage for S and M compared to C. Out of the S and M swap cohorts, 79/102 preferred S, 13/102 preferred M, and 6/102 preferred both.
CONCLUSIONS: AnaVu tool seems to be effective for learning neuroanatomy. The specific advantage seen when taught with stereoscopy in basic recall and radiological anatomy learning shows the importance of how visualization mode influences neuroanatomy learning. Since both S and M are preferred in subjective feedbacks, these results have implications in choosing methods (stereoscopic - needs 3D projectors; monoscopic - needs web based or hand-held devices) to scale AnaVu for anatomy teaching in medical colleges in India. Since stereoscopic projection is technically novel and cost considerations are slightly higher compared to monoscopic projection, the specific advantages and disadvantages of each are relevant in the Indian medical education scenario.

OBJECTIVE: In a previous report, our group showed that oral administration of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from Pantoea agglomerans can prevent the progression of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes-related cognitive dysfunction (DRCD) in mice without causing significant side-effects. However, the treatment effects of oral administration of LPS to DRCD remain unknown.
METHODS: We modified our previous animal experimental model to investigate whether oral administration of LPS can recover cognitive function after DRCD onset.
RESULTS: The Morris water maze (MWM) revealed a significant decrease in learning and memory abilities at 13 days after intracerebroventricular administration of STZ, thereby providing evidence of the occurrence of DRCD in the animal model. Oral administration of LPS (1 mg/kg per day) started after cognitive impairment was observed. After 28 days of treatment, mice receiving LPS via the oral route showed significant recovery of spatial learning ability, a symptom of early dementia, while only a trend toward recovery was seen for spatial memory compared to the untreated group.
CONCLUSIONS: These results, limited to MWM, suggest that oral administration of LPS is a promising therapeutic strategy for restoring decreased spatial learning ability.

Adaptive behavior relies on efficient cognitive control. The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is a key node within the executive prefrontal network. The reciprocal connectivity between the locus ceruleus (LC) and ACC is thought to support behavioral reorganization triggered by the detection of an unexpected change. We transduced LC neurons with either excitatory or inhibitory chemogenetic receptors in adult male rats and trained rats on a spatial task. Subsequently, we altered LC activity and confronted rats with an unexpected change of reward locations. In a new spatial context, rats with decreased noradrenaline (NA) in the ACC entered unbaited maze arms more persistently which was indicative of perseveration. In contrast, the suppression of the global NA transmission reduced perseveration. Neither chemogenetic manipulation nor inactivation of the ACC by muscimol affected the rate of learning, possibly due to partial virus transduction of the LC neurons and/or the compensatory engagement of other prefrontal regions. Importantly, we observed behavioral deficits in rats with LC damage caused by virus injection. The latter finding highlights the importance of careful histological assessment of virus-transduced brain tissue as inadvertent damage of the targeted cell population due to virus neurotoxicity or other factors might cause unwanted side effects. Although the specific role of ACC in the flexibility of spatial behavior has not been convincingly demonstrated, our results support the beneficial role of noradrenergic transmission for an optimal function of the ACC. Overall, our findings suggest the LC exerts the projection-specific modulation of neural circuits mediating the flexibility of spatial behavior.

Alcohol exposure in adolescence is considered a major cause of cognitive impairments later in life including spatial learning and memory. Integrated stress response (ISR), a program of conservative translation and transcription, is crucial in synaptic plasticity and memory. Although previous studies have elucidated ISR in different brain areas involved in learning and memory disorders, the impact of ISR on learning and memory following adolescent alcohol exposure remains unclear. Here, we demonstrated that adolescent intermittent ethanol (AIE) exposure caused spatial learning and memory impairment, combined with neuronal damage in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), nucleus accumbens (NAc) and hippocampus (HIP) in adult rats. Moreover, integrated stress response inhibitor (ISRIB) administration not only improved spatial learning and memory impairment and neuronal damage but also inhibited the endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER) and reversed changes in synaptic proteins. These findings suggested that ISRIB ameliorates AIE exposure-induced spatial learning and memory deficits by improving neural morphology and synaptic function through inhibiting ER stress signaling pathway in the mPFC, NAc and HIP in adulthood. Our findings may enhance comprehension of cognitive function and neuronal effects of adolescent ethanol exposure and ISRIB treatment may be an underlying potential option for addressing alcohol-induced learning and memory deficits.

Consumption of saturated fat-enriched diets during adolescence has been closely associated with the reduction of hippocampal synaptic plasticity and the impairment of cognitive function. Nevertheless, the effect of long-term intake of these foods has not yet been studied. In the present study, we have investigated the effect of a treatment, lasting for 40 weeks, with a diet enriched in saturated fat (SOLF) on i) spatial learning and memory, ii) hippocampal synaptic transmission and plasticity, and iii) hippocampal gene expression levels in aged male and female mice. Our findings reveal that SOLF has a detrimental impact on spatial memory and synaptic plasticity mechanisms, such as long-term potentiation (LTP), and downregulates Gria1 expression specifically in males. In females, SOLF downregulates the gene expression of Gria1/2/3 and Grin1/2A/2B glutamate receptor subunits as well as some proinflammatory interleukins. These findings highlight the importance of considering sex-specific factors when assessing the long-term effects of high-fat diets on cognition and brain plasticity.

Maps have been invaluable navigation aids for millennia and thus have been critical for human survival. The increasing popularity of and high dependence on digital, location-aware assistive navigation technology, however, has been shown to divert our attention from the environment and to negatively influence innate spatial abilities. To mitigate this, neuroadaptive mobile geographic information displays (namGIDs) are proposed that respond in real-time to navigators\' cognitive task demands and wayfinder\'s situated visuo-spatial attention needs. In doing so, namGIDs may not only help navigators maintain navigation efficiency but more importantly, also continuously scaffold spatial learning. To do this, the proposed navigation assistance must strike the appropriate balance between welcomed mobility efficiency gains while limiting human spatial deskilling. Leveraging neuroadaptive cartography, we can ensure to remain effective navigators, empowered to explore the world with confidence.

UNASSIGNED: Alzheimer\'s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by gradual cognitive impairment, including loss of synapses and nerve cells involved in learning, memory, and habit formation processes. Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BM-MSCs) are multipotent cells. Because of their self-renewable, differentiation, and immunomodulatory capabilities, they are commonly used to treat many disorders. Hence, the current study intends to examine the effect of BM-MSCs transplantation on Aluminum chloride (AlCl3)-induced cognitive problems, an experimental model resembling AD\'s hallmarks in rats.
UNASSIGNED: The study was conducted in 2022 at The Biomedical Laboratory Faculty of Medicine, Andalas University, Indonesia. Adult male Wistar rats (three groups: negative control; no intervention+treatment with PBS; positive control: AlCl3+treatment with aqua dest; AlCl3+BM-MSCs: AlCl3+treatment with BM-MSCs, n=5 each) were treated daily with AlCl3 orally for five days. Stem cells were intraperitoneally injected into rats at a dose of 1x106 cells/rat. The same quantity of phosphate-buffered saline was given to the control group. One month after stem cell injection, the rat brain tissue was removed and placed in the film bottles that had been created. The expression of neural progenitor cell markers, including nestin and sex-determining Y-box 2 (SOX-2), was analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Rats\' cognitive and functional memory were examined using Y-maze. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 26.0) with a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test.
UNASSIGNED: The gene expression of nestin (29.74±0.42), SOX-2 (31.44±0.67), and percent alternation of Y-maze (67.04±2.28) increased in the AlCl3+BM-MSCs group compared to that in the positive control group. RT-PCR analysis indicated that nestin (P<0.001) and SOX-2 (P<0.001) were significantly enhanced in the AlCl3+BM-MSCs group compared to the positive control group. This group also indicated an increased percent alternation of Y-maze (P<0.001) in the AlCl3+BM-MSCs group compared to the positive control group.
UNASSIGNED: Due to its potential effects on cell therapy, BM-MSCs were found effective in a rat model of AD on the impairment of the rats\' behavior and increased expression of neural progenitor cell markers.