背景:动物相关微生物群落似乎是宿主生理学中的关键因素,生态学,进化及其与周围环境的相互作用。硬骨鱼在表面相关微生物群的研究中受到的关注相对较少。除了微生物在稳态和感染预防中的重要作用,最近的一些研究表明,鱼粘液微生物群可能与一些特定的寄生虫相互作用并吸引它们。然而,我们对外部微生物组合的理解,特别是关于决定其组成和与寄生虫潜在相互作用的因素,仍然有限。这是本研究的目标,重点是众所周知的鱼-寄生虫相互作用,涉及Sparidae(Teleostei),以及它们的Lamellodiscus属的特定单系外寄生虫。我们使用16SrRNA扩增子测序表征了皮肤和g粘液细菌群落,测试了鱼类生态特征和寄主进化史与外部微生物群的关系,并评估某些微生物类群是否与某些Lamellodiscus物种有关。
结果:我们的结果表明,皮肤和g微生物群在多样性和结构方面存在显着差异,尽管持续暴露于水中,但sparids建立并维持组织和物种特定的细菌群落。没有检测到g或皮肤微生物群的系统共生模式,表明其他宿主相关和环境因素是宿主-微生物群相互作用的更好调节因子。外部微生物群的多样性和结构由宿主性状解释:宿主物种,饮食和身体部位。在g粘液中发现了给定细菌属的丰度与给定Lamellodiscus种的丰度之间的许多相关性,包括特定物种的协会。我们还发现,在这项研究中,唯一未被寄生的sparid物种的外部微生物群,BoopsBoops,含有明显更多的镰状细菌和三个属,Shewenella,细菌和弧菌,与其他物种相比,表明它们可能参与预防单一基因感染。
结论:这项研究首次探索了野生鱼类家族的皮肤和g微生物群的多样性和结构,并提出了有关g微生物群与单系物种之间的联系的新证据。多样性和丰度,为进一步研究理解宿主-微生物群-寄生虫相互作用铺平了道路。
BACKGROUND: Animal-associated microbial communities appear to be key factors in host physiology, ecology, evolution and its interactions with the surrounding environment. Teleost fish have received relatively little attention in the study of surface-associated microbiota. Besides the important role of microbiota in homeostasis and infection prevention, a few recent studies have shown that fish mucus microbiota may interact with and attract some specific parasitic species. However, our understanding of external microbial assemblages, in particular regarding the factors that determine their composition and potential interactions with parasites, is still limited. This is the objective of the present study that focuses on a well-known fish-parasite interaction, involving the
Sparidae (Teleostei), and their specific monogenean ectoparasites of the Lamellodiscus genus. We characterized the skin and gill mucus bacterial communities using a 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, tested how fish ecological traits and host evolutionary history are related to external microbiota, and assessed if some microbial taxa are related to some Lamellodiscus species.
RESULTS: Our results revealed significant differences between skin and gill microbiota in terms of diversity and structure, and that sparids establish and maintain tissue and species-specific bacterial communities despite continuous exposure to water. No phylosymbiosis pattern was detected for either gill or skin microbiota, suggesting that other host-related and environmental factors are a better regulator of host-microbiota interactions. Diversity and structure of external microbiota were explained by host traits: host species, diet and body part. Numerous correlations between the abundance of given bacterial genera and the abundance of given Lamellodiscus species have been found in gill mucus, including species-specific associations. We also found that the external microbiota of the only unparasitized sparid species in this study, Boops boops, harbored significantly more Fusobacteria and three genera, Shewenella, Cetobacterium and Vibrio, compared to the other sparid species, suggesting their potential involvement in preventing monogenean infection.
CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first to explore the diversity and structure of skin and gill microbiota from a wild fish family and present novel evidence on the links between gill microbiota and monogenean species in diversity and abundance, paving the way for further studies on understanding host-microbiota-parasite interactions.