肌肉骨骼系统,由各种类型的骨骼和软骨组成,肌肉,韧带,和肌腱,是人体的基础。然而,衰老引起的许多病理状况,生活方式,疾病,或创伤可能会损害其要素,并导致严重的功能障碍和生活质量的显着恶化。由于其结构和功能,关节(透明)软骨最容易受到损伤。关节软骨是一种自我再生能力受限的非血管组织。此外,治疗方法,已证明在阻止其降解和促进再生方面的功效,仍然不存在。保守治疗和物理治疗只能缓解与软骨破坏相关的症状,和传统的外科手术干预修复缺陷或内假体并非没有严重的缺点。因此,关节软骨损伤仍然是一个紧迫和实际的问题,需要开发新的治疗方法。生物制造技术的出现,包括三维(3D)生物打印,在20世纪末,允许重建干预以获得第二次风。由于生物材料的组合,三维生物打印创建了模拟自然组织的结构和功能的体积约束,活细胞,和信号分子来创造。在我们的例子中-透明软骨。迄今为止,已经开发了几种关节软骨生物加工的方法,包括有前途的3D生物打印技术。这篇综述代表了该研究方向的主要成就,并描述了技术过程和必要的生物材料,细胞培养,和信号分子。特别注意3D生物打印的基本材料-水凝胶和生物墨水,以及所示产品的生物聚合物。
The musculoskeletal system, consisting of bones and cartilage of various types, muscles, ligaments, and tendons, is the basis of the human body. However, many pathological conditions caused by aging, lifestyle, disease, or trauma can damage its elements and lead to severe disfunction and significant worsening in the quality of life. Due to its structure and function, articular (hyaline) cartilage is the most susceptible to damage. Articular cartilage is a non-vascular tissue with constrained self-regeneration capabilities. Additionally, treatment methods, which have proven efficacy in stopping its degradation and promoting regeneration, still do not exist. Conservative treatment and physical therapy only relieve the symptoms associated with cartilage destruction, and traditional surgical interventions to repair defects or endoprosthetics are not without serious drawbacks. Thus, articular cartilage damage remains an urgent and actual problem requiring the development of new treatment approaches. The emergence of biofabrication technologies, including three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting, at the end of the 20th century, allowed reconstructive interventions to get a second wind. Three-dimensional bioprinting creates volume constraints that mimic the structure and function of natural tissue due to the combinations of biomaterials, living cells, and signal molecules to create. In our case-hyaline cartilage. Several approaches to articular cartilage biofabrication have been developed to date, including the promising technology of 3D bioprinting. This review represents the main achievements of such research direction and describes the technological processes and the necessary biomaterials, cell cultures, and signal molecules. Special attention is given to the basic materials for 3D bioprinting-hydrogels and bioinks, as well as the biopolymers underlying the indicated products.