Salidroside inhibited the proliferation of cancer cell. Nevertheless, the mechanism has not been completely clarified. The purpose of the study is to explore the mechanisms of salidroside against gastric cancer. To analyze the changes of microRNA (miRNA) in gastric cancer cells under the treatment of salidroside, the miRNA expression was analyzed by using RNA-seq in cancer cells for 24 h after salidroside treatment. The differentially expressed miRNAs were clustered and their target genes were analyzed. Selected miRNA and target mRNA genes were further verified by q-PCR. The expressions of target genes in cancer cells were detected by immunohistochemistry. Cancer cell apoptotic index was significantly increased after salidroside treatment. The proliferation of gastric cancer cells were blocked at S-phase cell cycle. The expression of 44 miRNAs changed differentially after salidroside treatment in cancer cells. Bioinformatic analysis showed that there were 1384 target mRNAs corresponding to the differentially expressed miRNAs. Surprisingly, salidroside significantly up-regulated the expression of tumor suppressor miR-1343-3p, and down-regulated the expression of MAP3K6, STAT3 and MMP24-related genes. Salidroside suppressed the growth of gastric cancer by inducing the cancer cell apoptosis, arresting the cancer cell cycle and down-regulating the related signal transduction pathways. miRNAs are expressed differentially in gastric cancer cells after salidroside treatment, playing important roles in regulating proliferation and metastasis. Salidroside may suppress the growth of gastric cancer by up-regulating the expression of the tumor suppressor miR-1343-3p and down-regulating the expression of MAP3K6 and MMP24 signal molecules.

Bacterial communication interruption based on quorum quenching (QQ) has been proven its potential in biofilm formation inhibition and biofouling control. However, it would be more satisfying if QQ could be combined with the efficient degradation of contaminants in environmental engineering. In this study, we engineered a biofilm of Pseudomonas putida through introducing a QQ synthetic gene, which achieved both biofilm formation inhibition and efficient degradation of benzene series in wastewater. The aiiO gene introduced into the P. putida by heat shock method was highly expressed to produce QQ enzyme to degrade AHL-based signal molecules. The addition of this engineered P. putida reduced the AHLs concentration, quorum sensing gene expression, and connections of the microbial community network in activated sludge and therefore inhibited the biofilm formation. Meanwhile, the sodium benzoate degradation assay indicated an enhanced benzene series removal ability of the engineering bacteria on activated sludge. Besides, we also demonstrated a controllable environmental risk of this engineered bacteria through monitoring its abundance and horizontal gene transfer test. Overall, the results of this study suggest an alternative strategy to solve multiple environmental problems through genetic engineering means and provide support for the application of engineered bacteria in environmental biotechnology.

Mitochondrial autophagy plays an important role in maintaining the complexity of mitochondrial functions and removing damaged mitochondria, of which the PINK1-Parkin signal pathway is one of the most classical pathways. Thus, a comprehensive and in-depth interpretation of the PINK1-Parkin signal pathway might deepen our understanding on the impacts of mitochondrial autophagy. Alzheimer\'s disease (AD) is a classical example of neurodegenerative disease. Research on the pathogenesis and treatments of AD has been a focus of scientific research because of its complexity and the limitations of current drug therapies. It was reported that the pathogenesis of AD might be related to mitochondrial autophagy due to excessive deposition of Aβ protein and aggravation of the phosphorylation of Tau protein. Two key proteins in the PINK1-Parkin signaling pathway, PINK1 and Parkin, have important roles in the folding and accumulation of Aβ protein and the phosphorylation of Tau protein. In addition, the intermediate signal molecules in the PINK1-Parkin signal pathway also have certain effects on AD. In this paper, we first described the role of PINK1-Parkin signal pathway on mitochondrial autophagy, then discussed and analyzed the effect of the PINK1-Parkin signal pathway in AD and other metabolic diseases. Our aim was to provide a theoretical direction to further elucidate the pathogenesis of AD and highlight the key molecules related to AD that could be important targets used for AD drug development.

Anaerobic granular sludge (AnGS) has a complex and important internal microbial communication system due to its unique microbial layered structure. As a concentration-dependent communication system between bacterial cells through signal molecules, QS (quorum sensing) is widespread in AnGS and exhibits great potential to regulate microbial behaviors. Therefore, the universal functions of QS in AnGS have been systematically summarized in this paper, including the influence on the metabolic activity, physicochemical properties, and microbial community of AnGS. Subsequently, the common QS-based AnGS regulation approaches are reviewed and analyzed comprehensively. The regulation mechanism of QS in AnGS is analyzed from two systems of single bacterium and mixed bacteria. This review can provide a comprehensive understanding of QS functions in AnGS systems, and promote the practical application of QS-based strategies in optimization of AnGS treatment process.

Co-landfilling of bottom ash (BA) accelerates the clogging of leachate collection systems (LCSs) and increases the risk of landfill failure. The clogging was mainly associated with bio-clogging, which may be reduced by quorum quenching (QQ) strategies. This communication reports on a study of how isolated facultative QQ bacterial strains from municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills and BA co-disposal landfills. In MSW landfills, two novel QQ strains (Brevibacillus agri and Lysinibacillus sp. YS11) can degrade the signal molecule hexanoyl-l-homoserine lactone (C6-HSL) and octanoyl-l-homoserine lactone (C8-HSL), respectively. Pseudomonas aeruginosa could degrade C6-HSL and C8-HSL in BA co-disposal landfills. Moreover, P. aeruginosa (0.98) was observed with a higher growth rate (OD600) compared to that of B. agri (0.27) and Lysinibacillus sp. YS11 (0.53). These results indicated that the QQ bacterial strains were associated with leachate characteristics and signal molecules and could be used for controlling bio-clogging in landfills.

Due to the impacts of refractory organic pollutants and environment on the water treatment system, the sewage quality can not reach the standard. It is an effective measure to improve the efficiency of wastewater treatment by introducing exogenous engineering strains with relevant functional genes and the ability of horizontal gene transfer. In sewage treatment system, there are bacteria secreting signal molecules with quorum sensing. When population density reaches induction threshold, the bacteria would activate the related genes expression (such as biofilm formation, bioluminescent, antibiotics synthesis and virulence factor expression, etc.) through releasing signaling molecules, and thus trigger the behavior of other groups. Previously, researches about quorum sensing mainly concentrated on signal transduction, microbial social behavior, and medical microbiology. In recent years, stu-dies found that quorum sensing plays an important role in wastewater biological treatment and affects the colonization of the microorganism strain and pollutants degradation. Therefore, the regulation of quorum-sensing behavior is the key factor in the bioaugmentation performance. Here, we review the signaling molecules mechanism, the release of signaling molecules and its influence factors, the colonization of microbial community and the removal of pollutants. We further discussed the research from the perspective of quorum sensing biological process. The aim was to provide new idea for the effective implementation of bioaugmentation technology and the improvement of wastewater treatment efficiency, and to provide a theoretical reference for the in-depth understanding of quorum sensing regulation behavior in the process of bioaugmentation.
由于难降解有机污染物和外界环境对水处理系统的冲击干扰,污水水质常出现不达标现象。引入外源含有相关功能基因并且具有基因水平转移能力的工程菌株进行生物强化处理是提高污水处理效能的有效措施。污水处理系统中存在能够分泌信号分子的菌体,菌间具有群体感应现象,当种群密度达到感应阈值时,菌体会通过释放信号分子来触发一些群体行为,从而激活相关基因的表达(如生物膜形成、生物发光、抗生素合成和毒力因子表达等)。早期的群体感应技术研究主要集中在信号传递学、微生物社会行为学和医学微生物领域,近年来,在水处理领域也开始有相继报道,研究表明群体感应在污水生物处理中发挥重要作用,并且影响生物强化菌株的定殖和污染物降解,因此群体感应行为调控是生物强化技术成效显著与否的关键因素。本文综述了群体感应及信号分子的作用机制、信号分子释放及存在的影响因素以及群体感应对菌株定殖、微生物群落结构和污染物去除的影响,并对从群体感应角度出发研究生物强化过程进行了展望,旨在为生物强化技术的有效实施及提升污水处理效能提供一种新思路,为深入理解生物强化过程中群体感应调控行为提供理论参考。.

Phosphorus treatment can reduce Cd accumulation and Cd toxicity in rice, but alterations in the internal regulatory network of rice during this process have rarely been reported. We have removed the effect of cadmium phosphate precipitation from the hydroponic system, treated a pair of different Cd-response rice varieties with different levels of phosphorus and cadmium and examined the changes in physiological indicators and regulatory networks. The results demonstrated that phosphorus treatment significantly reduced Cd accumulation in both types of rice, although the antioxidant systems within the two types of rice produced opposite responses. Overall, 3 mM phosphorus treatment to Cd-N decreased the expression of OsIAA17 and OsACO1 by 32% and 37%, respectively, while increasing the expression of OsNR2 by 83%; these three genes regulate the synthesis of auxin, ethylene, and nitric oxide in rice. IAA and NO levels in rice shoots increased by 24% and 96%, respectively, and these changes contribute to Cd detoxification. The cadmium transporter genes OsHMA2, OsIRT1, and OsABCC1 were significantly down-regulated in Cd-N roots after triple phosphorus treatment. These data suggest that phosphorus treatment can reduce Cd accumulation and enhance Cd resistance in rice by affecting the expression of signaling molecules.

UNASSIGNED: Fusarium oxysporum is a common pathogenic fungus in ginseng cultivation. Both pathogens and antagonistic fungi have been reported to induce plant resistance responses, thereby promoting the accumulation of secondary metabolites. The purpose of this experiment is to compare the advantages of one of the two fungi, in order to screen out more effective elicitors. The mechanism of fungal elicitor-induced plant resistance response is supplemented.
UNASSIGNED: A gradient dilution and the dural culture were carried out to screen strains. The test strain was identified by morphology and 18 s rDNA. The effect of different concentrations (0, 50, 100, 200, 400 mg/L) of Penicillium sp. YJM-2013 and F. oxysporum on fresh weight and ginsenosides accumulation were tested. Signal molecules transduction, expression of transcription factors and functional genes were investigated to study the induction mechanism of fungal elicitors.
UNASSIGNED: Antagonistic fungi of F. oxysporum was identified as Penicillium sp. YJM-2013, which reduced root biomass. The total ginsenosides content of Panax ginseng adventitious roots reached the maximum (48.95 ± 0.97 mg/g) treated with Penicillium sp. YJM-2013 at 200 mg/L, higher than control by 2.59-fold, in which protopanoxadiol-type ginsenosides (PPD) were increased by 4.57 times. Moreover, Penicillium sp. YJM-2013 activated defense signaling molecules, up-regulated the expression of PgWRKY 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9 and functional genes in ginsenosides synthesis.
UNASSIGNED: Compared with the pathogenic fungi F. oxysporum, antagonistic fungi Penicillium sp. YJM-2013 was more conducive to the accumulation of ginsenosides in P. ginseng adventitious roots. Penicillium sp. YJM-2013 promoted the accumulation of ginsenosides by intensifying the generation of signal molecules, activating the expression of transcription factors and functional genes.

Plenty of factors affect the oncogenesis and progression of colorectal cancer in the tumor microenvironment, including various immune cells, stromal cells, cytokines, and other factors. Chemokine is a member of the cytokine superfamily. It is an indispensable component in the tumor microenvironment. Chemokines play an antitumor or pro-tumor role by recruitment or polarization of recruiting immune cells. Meanwhile, chemokines, as signal molecules, participate in the formation of a cross talk among signaling pathways and non-coding RNAs, which may be involved in promoting tumor progression. In addition, they also function in immune escape. Chemokines are related to drug resistance of tumor cells and may even provide reference for the diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis of patients with colorectal cancer.

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has played a pivotal role in maintaining the health of people, and the intrinsic quality of TCM is directly related to the clinical efficacy. The medicinal ingredients of TCM are derived from the secondary metabolites of plant metabolism and are also the result of the coordination of various physiological activities in plants. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are among the most ubiquitous plant mutualists that enhance the growth and yield of plants by facilitating the uptake of nutrients and water. Symbiosis of AMF with higher plants promotes growth and helps in the accumulation of secondary metabolites. However, there is still no systematic analysis and summation of their roles in the application of TCM, biosynthesis and accumulation of active substances of herbs, as well as the mechanisms. AMF directly or indirectly affect the accumulation of secondary metabolites of TCM, which is the focus of this review. First, in this review, the effects of AMF symbiosis on the content of different secondary metabolites in TCM, such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, alkaloids and terpenoids, are summarized. Moreover, the mechanism of AMF regulating the synthesis of secondary metabolites was also considered, in combination with the establishment of mycorrhizal symbionts, response mechanisms of plant hormones, nutritional elements and expression of key enzyme their activities. Finally, combined with the current application prospects for AMF in TCM, future in-depth research is planned, thus providing a reference for improving the quality of TCM. In this manuscript, we review the research status of AMF in promoting the accumulation of secondary metabolites in TCM to provide new ideas and methods for improving the quality of TCM.