The Asian citrus psyllid (ACP) Diaphorina citri Kuwayama is the leading vector of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), the causative agent of citrus Huanglongbing (HLB) disease. The distribution and dynamics of CLas within ACP are critical to understanding how the transmission, spread and infection of CLas occurs within its host vector in nature. In this study, the distribution and titer changes of CLas in various tissues of ACP 5th instar nymphs and adults were examined by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) techniques. Results demonstrated that 100% of ACP 5th instar nymphs and adults were infected with CLas following feeding on infected plants, and that CLas had widespread distribution in most of the tissues of ACP. The titers of CLas within the midgut, salivary glands and hemolymph tissues were the highest in both 5th instar nymphs and adults. When compared with adults, the titers of CLas in these three tissues of 5th instar nymphs were significantly higher, while in the mycetome, ovary and testes they were significantly lower than those of adults. FISH visualization further confirmed these findings. Dynamic analysis of CLas demonstrated that it was present across all the developmental ages of ACP adults. There was a discernible upward trend in the presence of CLas with advancing age in most tissues of ACP adults, including the midgut, hemolymph, salivary glands, foot, head, cuticula and muscle. Our findings have significant implications for the comprehensive understanding of the transmission, dissemination and infestation of CLas, which is of much importance for developing novel strategies to halt the spread of CLas, and therefore contribute to the efficient prevention and control of HLB.

Interstitial lung disease is a common complication of anti-synthetase syndrome (ASS), and lymphocytic infiltration is often observed in the lesion. We have recently reported that disease-specific autoantibodies are produced by infiltrating lymphocytes in some autoimmune diseases. Here, we investigate the antigen specificity of B cells in the lung lesions of ASS patients. A total of 177 antibodies were produced from antibody-secreting cells in bronchoalveolar fluid (BALF) of three each of serum anti-Jo-1 and serum anti-EJ antibody-positive patients. Twelve to 30% and 50 to 62% of these antibodies were disease-specific autoantibodies, respectively. These autoantibodies recognized conformational epitopes of the whole self-antigen and had affinity maturations, indicating that self-antigens themselves are the target of humoral immunity. In addition, 100 antibodies were produced from two salivary gland tissues, obtained by chance, of ASS patients. Salivary glands are not generally recognized as lesions of ASS, but unexpectedly, ASS-related autoantibody production was also observed similar to that of BALF. Immunostaining confirmed the presence of ASS-related autoantibody-producing cells in salivary glands. Our results suggest that disease-specific autoantibody production at lesion sites is a common pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, and that tissue-specific production of autoantibodies can provide insights regarding the distribution of organ manifestations in autoimmune diseases.

The salivary gland undergoes branching morphogenesis to elaborate into a tree-like structure with numerous saliva-secreting acinar units, all joined by a hierarchical ductal system. The expansive epithelial surface generated by branching morphogenesis serves as the structural basis for the efficient production and delivery of saliva. Here, we elucidate the process of salivary gland morphogenesis, emphasizing the role of mechanics. Structurally, the developing salivary gland is characterized by a stratified epithelium tightly encased by the basement membrane, which is in turn surrounded by a mesenchyme consisting of a dense network of interstitial matrix and mesenchymal cells. Diverse cell types and extracellular matrices bestow this developing organ with organized, yet spatially varied mechanical properties. For instance, the surface epithelial sheet of the bud is highly fluidic due to its high cell motility and weak cell-cell adhesion, rendering it highly pliable. In contrast, the inner core of the bud is more rigid, characterized by reduced cell motility and strong cell-cell adhesion, which likely provide structural support for the tissue. The interactions between the surface epithelial sheet and the inner core give rise to budding morphogenesis. Furthermore, the basement membrane and the mesenchyme offer mechanical constraints that could play a pivotal role in determining the higher-order architecture of a fully mature salivary gland.

Hirudo nipponia is an important medicinal animal in China. Its salivary gland secretions contain a variety of protein bioactive substances. Investigations of its salivary glands are of great significance in the study of the medicinal value and mechanism of leech secretions. Illumina RNA-Seq technology was used to perform transcriptome sequencing of salivary gland tissue of H. nipponia under starvation (D30) and fed (D0) states. A total of 2,650 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened. Using the label-free protein quantification technique and bioinformatics analysis, the expression of differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in the salivary gland tissue of H. nipponia was compared. A total of 2,021 proteins were identified, among which 181 proteins were differentially expressed between the starvation and fed states, with 72 significantly upregulated and 109 significantly downregulated. The salivary glands of H. nipponia synthesized protein-based active substances after 30 days of starvation and adapted to the starvation environment by weakening respiratory activity and reducing metabolic activity to reduce energy expenditure. Energy was produced by glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle for the synthesis of substances such as antibiotics. This study combined transcriptome and proteome sequencing data to provide a data reference for an in-depth study of the regulatory mechanism of salivary gland secretions of H. nipponia under starvation stress by analyzing DEGs and DEPs.

OBJECTIVE: Low-grade non-intestinal-type sinonasal adenocarcinoma (LGSNAC) is a rare heterogeneous and poorly characterised group of tumours, distinct from intestinal- and salivary-type neoplasms. Therefore, further characterisation is needed for clearer biological understanding and classification.
RESULTS: Clinical, histological and molecular characterisation of four cases of biphasic, low-grade adenocarcinomas of the sinonasal tract was performed. All patients were male, aged between 48 and 78 years, who presented with polypoid masses in the nasal cavity. Microscopically, virtually all tumours were dominated by tubulo-glandular biphasic patterns, microcystic, focal (micro)papillary, oncocytic or basaloid features. Immunohistochemical staining confirmed biphasic differentiation with an outer layer of myoepithelial cells. Molecular profiling revealed HRAS (p.G13R, p.Q61R) mutations, and concomitant AKT1 (p.E17K, p.Q79R) mutations in two cases. Two cases showed potential in-situ/precursor lesions adjacent to the tumour. Follow-up periods ranged from 1 to 30 months, with one case relapsing locally after 12 and > 20 years.
CONCLUSIONS: This study further corroborates a distinct biphasic low-grade neoplasm of the sinonasal tract with seromucinous differentiation. Although morphological and molecular features overlap with salivary gland epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma, several arguments favour categorising these tumours within the spectrum of LGSNAC.

Salivary gland biofabrication represents a promising avenue in regenerative medicine, aiming to address the challenges of salivary gland dysfunction caused by various factors such as autoimmune diseases and radiotherapy. This review examines the current state of bioprinting technology, biomaterials, and tissue engineering strategies in the context of creating functional, implantable salivary gland constructs. Key considerations include achieving vascularization for proper nutrient supply, maintaining cell viability and functionality during printing, and promoting tissue maturation and integration with surrounding tissues. Despite the existing challenges, recent advancements offer significant potential for the development of personalized therapeutic options to treat salivary gland disorders. Continued research and innovation in this field hold the potential to revolutionize the management of salivary gland conditions, improving patient outcomes and quality of life. This systematic review covers publications from 2018 to April 2024 and was conducted on four databases: Google Scholar, PubMed, EBSCOhost, and Web of Science. The key features necessary for the successful creation, implantation and functioning of bioprinted salivary glands are addressed.

Primary non-cutaneous melanoma is a rare type of melanoma that occurs mostly on mucosal surfaces. The head and neck region is the most common site for these melanomas. The following cases described herein include patients diagnosed with primary non-cutaneous melanomas. The locations included the parotid gland (one case), the submandibular gland (one case), and the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses (three cases). Among these patients, one patient developed lymph node metastasis and one patient had distant metastasis. Treatment included endoscopic surgery (one case), endoscopic surgery with adjuvant radiotherapy (one case), open surgery (one case), and palliative chemotherapy (one case). One patient refused to receive treatment. After treatment, one patient had local recurrence. A local and distant recurrence was noted in one case. This report aims to describe clinical features, treatment options, and prognosis of primary non-cutaneous melanomas of the head and neck.

暂无摘要。

Elevated oxidative stress can play a pivotal role in autoimmune diseases by exacerbating inflammatory responses and tissue damage. In Sjögren\'s disease (SjD), the contribution of oxidative stress in the disease pathogenesis remains unclear. To address this question, we created mice with a tamoxifen-inducible conditional knockout (KO) of a critical antioxidant enzyme, superoxide dismutase 2 (Sod2), in the salivary glands (i-sg-Sod2 KO mice). Following tamoxifen treatment, Sod2 deletion occurred primarily in the ductal epithelium, and the salivary glands showed a significant downregulation of Sod2 expression. At twelve weeks post-treatment, salivary glands from the i-sg-Sod2 KO mice exhibited increased 3-Nitrotyrosine staining. Bulk RNA-seq revealed alterations in gene expression pathways related to ribosome biogenesis, mitochondrial function, and oxidative phosphorylation. Significant changes were noted in genes characteristic of salivary gland ionocytes. The i-sg-Sod2 KO mice developed reversible glandular hypofunction. However, this functional loss was not accompanied by glandular lymphocytic foci or circulating anti-nuclear antibodies. These data demonstrate that although localized oxidative stress in salivary gland ductal cells was insufficient for SjD development, it induced glandular dysfunction. The i-sg-Sod2 KO mouse resembles patients classified as non-Sjögren\'s sicca and will be a valuable model for deciphering oxidative-stress-mediated glandular dysfunction and recovery mechanisms.

Understanding the evolutionary genetics of food intake regulation in domesticated animals has relevance to evolutionary biology, animal improvement, and obesity treatment. Here, we observed that the fatty acid desaturase gene (Bmdesat5), which regulates food intake, is suppressed in domesticated silkworms, but expressed in the salivary glands of the wild silkworm Bombyx mandarina. The content of its catalytic product, cis-vaccenic acid, was related to the expression levels of Bmdesat5 in the salivary glands of domesticated and wild silkworm strains. These two strains also showed significant differences in food intake. Using orally administering cis-vaccenic acid and transgenic-mediated overexpression, we verified that cis-vaccenic acid functions as a satiation signal, regulating food intake and growth in silkworms. Selection analysis showed that Bmdesat5 experienced selection, especially in the potential promoter, 5\'-untranslated, and intron regions. This study highlights the importance of the decrement of satiety in silkworm domestication and provides new insights into the potential involvement of salivary glands in the regulation of satiety in animals, by acting as a supplement to gut-brain nutrient signaling.