传统上,硫化氢(H2S)被简单地认为是一种有毒和恶臭的气体,但是最近H2S被纳入了心血管研究和开发的热点。自1990年代以来,H2S已经有越来越多的生理特性的证据,如免疫修饰,血管松弛,氧化应激的衰减,炎症缓解,和血管生成。此后,H2S被认为是第三种生理气体信号分子,以及CO和NO[65,66]。H2S是通过几种关键酶内源性产生的,包括胱硫醚β-裂解酶(CBE),胱硫醚γ-裂解酶(CSE),和3-巯基丙酮酸硫转移酶(MST)/半胱氨酸氨基转移酶(CAT)。这些特异性酶相应地在各种器官系统中表达,并且CSE是心血管系统中主要的H2S产生酶。胱硫氨酸γ-裂解酶(CSE)/H2S途径已显示出各种心脏保护作用,包括抗动脉粥样硬化,抗高血压,促血管生成,减轻心肌缺血再灌注损伤。CSE通过3种机制表现出其抗动脉粥样硬化作用,即减少趋化因子细胞间粘附分子-1(ICAM-1)和CX3CR1,抑制巨噬细胞脂质摄取,并通过MAPK通路诱导平滑肌细胞凋亡。CSE/H2S途径的抗高血压特性通过几种机制通过主动脉血管舒张得到证实。包括直接刺激血管平滑肌细胞(VSMC)的KATP通道,MAPK途径的诱导,减少同型半胱氨酸的积累。此外,CSE/H2S通路在血管新生中起重要作用,特别是内皮细胞生长和迁移增加,和增加的血管网长度。在心肌缺血再灌注损伤中,CSE/H2S通路通过保留线粒体功能显示出明确的心脏保护作用,增加抗氧化剂的产量,并减少梗死损伤的大小。然而,CSE/H2S途径在炎症缓解中的作用仍然模糊,由于文献中提出的促炎和抗炎结果,取决于特定实验模型中使用的H2S的浓度和形式。
Traditionally, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) was simply considered as a toxic and foul smelling gas, but recently H2S been brought into the spot light of cardiovascular research and development. Since the 1990s, H2S has been mounting evidence of physiological properties such as immune modification, vascular relaxation, attenuation of oxidative stress, inflammatory mitigation, and angiogenesis. H2S has since been recognized as the third physiological gaseous signaling molecule, along with CO and NO [65,66]. H2S is produced endogenously through several key enzymes, including cystathionine β-lyase (CBE), cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE), and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (MST)/cysteine aminotransferase (CAT). These specific enzymes are expressed accordingly in various organ systems and CSE is the predominant H2S-producing enzyme in the cardiovascular system. The cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE)/H2S pathway has demonstrated various cardioprotective effects, including anti-atherosclerosis, anti-hypertension, pro-angiogenesis, and attenuation of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. CSE exhibits its anti-atherosclerotic effect through 3 mechanisms, namely reduction of chemotactic factor inter cellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and CX3CR1, inhibition of macrophage lipid uptake, and induction of smooth muscle cell apoptosis via MAPK pathway. The CSE/H2S pathway\'s anti-hypertensive properties are demonstrated via aortic vasodilation through several mechanisms, including the direct stimulation of KATP channels of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), induction of MAPK pathway, and reduction of homocysteine buildup. Also, CSE/H2S pathway plays an important role in angiogenesis, particularly in increased endothelial cell growth and migration, and in increased vascular network length. In myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injuries, CSE/H2S pathway has shown a clear cardioprotective effect by preserving mitochondria function, increasing antioxidant production, and decreasing infarction injury size. However, CSE/H2S pathway\'s role in inflammation mitigation is still clouded, due to both pro and anti-inflammatory results presented in the literature, depending on the concentration and form of H2S used in specific experiment models.