暂无摘要。

UNASSIGNED: In the past decade, humanitarian emergencies have been increasing, leading to an higher demand for humanitarian health professionalization. Education and training are critical for preparing these workers to provide effective care during crises. Understanding the current state-of-the-art in humanitarian health education is essential to inform research and development of future educational programs. This review surveys the peer-reviewed literature to provide insights into the current thinking in the field.
UNASSIGNED: A review was conducted in March 2023 and updated in May 2024 using PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Education Resources Information Center databases for English-language peer-reviewed articles published since January 2013. The review followed the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology for scoping reviews and adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). Data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis and presented as a narrative descriptive summary.
UNASSIGNED: After screening, 32 articles met the inclusion criteria. The themes of the selected articles focus on education and training frameworks, mapping, and programs. Despite the growing opportunities, most education and training programs are based in the Global North. The gaps identified include a lack of standardized curriculum or competency frameworks and evaluation frameworks to guide the development and evaluation of further standardized training programs. Interdisciplinary and collaborative partnerships, iterative design, and mixed teaching methods and modalities, including e-learning, facilitated successful training. However, logistical and technical constraints and the lack of standardized training frameworks were barriers to developing, implementing, and evaluating such training programs.
UNASSIGNED: This review provides an overview of the humanitarian health education trends over the last decade and identifies key areas for future educational development and research. The findings emphasize the importance of adapting interdisciplinary and collaborative partnerships and prioritizing the training of local staff through regional centers, local leadership, and accessible e-learning, including e-simulation. The review also highlights the need for continued research and evaluation of humanitarian health education and training programs with standardized metrics to evaluate training programs and identify areas for improvement. These steps will help ensure that humanitarian health professionals receive adequate training to provide effective healthcare in crisis situations.

暂无摘要。

BACKGROUND: Economic relief programs are strategies designed to sustain societal welfare and population health during a regional or global scale infectious disease outbreak. While economic relief programmes are considered essential during a regional or global health crisis, there is no clear consensus in the literature about their health and non-health benefits and their impact on promoting equity.
METHODS: We conducted a scoping review, searching eight electronic databases from January 01, 2001, to April 3, 2023, using text words and subject headings for recent pathogens (coronavirus (COVID-19), Ebola, Influenza, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), HIV, West Nile, and Zika), and economic relief programs; but restricted eligibility to high-income countries and selected diseases due to volume. Title and abstract screening were conducted by trained reviewers and Distiller AI software. Data were extracted in duplicates by two trained reviewers using a pretested form, and key findings were charted using a narrative approach.
RESULTS: We identified 27,263 de-duplicated records, of which 50 were eligible. Included studies were on COVID-19 and Influenza, published between 2014 and 2023. Zero eligible studies were on MERS, SARS, Zika, Ebola, or West Nile Virus. We identified seven program types of which cash transfer (n = 12) and vaccination or testing incentive (n = 9) were most common. Individual-level economic relief programs were reported to have varying degrees of impact on public health measures, and sometimes affected population health outcomes. Expanding paid sick leave programs had the highest number of studies reporting health-related outcomes and positively impacted public health measures (isolation, vaccination uptake) and health outcomes (case counts and the utilization of healthcare services). Equity impact was most often reported for cash transfer programs and incentive for vaccination programs. Positive effects on general well-being and non-health outcomes included improved mental well-being and quality of life, food security, financial resilience, and job security.
CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that individual-level economic relief programs can have significant impacts on public health measures, population health outcomes and equity. As countries prepare for future pandemics, our findings provide evidence to stakeholders to recognize health equity as a fundamental public health goal when designing pandemic preparedness policies.

The current humanitarian crises in Ukraine and Gaza, along with the chronic crises, and the climate-related disasters, have exposed the limitations of the humanitarian system. Within these contexts, humanitarian organisations frequently struggle with collecting, analysing, interpreting, and utilising health data, due to the challenging environments in which they operate and funding constraints. It is precisely in these contexts that field epidemiology plays a crucial, but often overlooked role.Field epidemiologists face unique challenges, including rapidly changing conditions, poor-quality data, and biases. Despite these difficulties, accurate epidemiological data are essential for needs assessment, guidance on interventions, and advocacy. Conventional methods often need adaptation for crisis settings, and there are still gaps in measurement.This article discusses the role of epidemiology in such contexts, noting a shortage of trained \'humanitarian epidemiologists\' and specialised training as major issues.To address these needs, the Italian Association of Epidemiology organised a course in early 2024 to enhance the epidemiological skills of staff working in humanitarian crises and introduce traditional epidemiologists to crisis-specific challenges. The course covered key concepts and methods of field epidemiology, emphasising the use of secondary health data. Its positive reception underscored the demand for such specialised training.Improving public health information collection and use in humanitarian crises is an ethical and practical necessity. Indeed, investing in field epidemiology and recognising its importance can enhance humanitarian interventions and better serve vulnerable populations.

UNASSIGNED: The global population impacted by humanitarian crises continues to break records each year, leaving strained and fractured health systems reliant upon humanitarian assistance in more than 60 countries. Yet little is known about implementation of maternal and perinatal death surveillance and response (MPDSR) within crisis-affected contexts. This scoping review aimed to synthesise evidence on the implementation of MPDSR and related death review interventions in humanitarian settings.
UNASSIGNED: We searched for peer-reviewed and grey literature in English and French published in 2016-22 that reported on MPDSR and related death review interventions within humanitarian settings. We screened and reviewed 1405 records, among which we identified 25 peer-reviewed articles and 11 reports. We then used content and thematic analysis to understand the adoption, appropriateness, fidelity, penetration, and sustainability of these interventions.
UNASSIGNED: Across the 36 records, 33 unique programmes reported on 37 interventions within humanitarian contexts in 27 countries, representing 69% of the countries with a 2023 United Nations humanitarian appeal. Most identified programmes focussed on maternal death interventions; were in the pilot or early-mid implementation phases (1-5 years); and had limited integration within health systems. While we identified substantive documentation of MPDSR and related death review interventions, extensive gaps in evidence remain pertaining to the adoption, fidelity, penetration, and sustainability of these interventions. Across humanitarian contexts, implementation was influenced by severe resource limitations, variable leadership, pervasive blame culture, and mistrust within communities.
UNASSIGNED: Emergent MPDSR implementation dynamics show a complex interplay between humanitarian actors, communities, and health systems, worthy of in-depth investigation. Future mixed methods research evaluating the gamut of identified MPDSR programmes in humanitarian contexts will greatly bolster the evidence base. Investment in comparative health systems research to understand how best to adapt MPDSR and related death review interventions to humanitarian contexts is a crucial next step.

OBJECTIVE: Uncertainty and complexity have increased in recent decades, posing new challenges to humanitarian organisations. This study investigates whether using standard terminology in Human Resource Management processes can support the Humanitarian supply chain in attracting and maintaining highly skilled operators.
METHODS: We exploit text mining to compare job vacancies on ReliefWeb, the reference platform for humanitarian job seekers, and ESCO, the European Classification of Skills, Competencies, and Occupations. We measure the level of alignment in these two resources, providing quantitative evidence about terminology standardisation in job descriptions for supporting HR operators in the Humanitarian field.
RESULTS: The most in-demand skills, besides languages, relate to resource management and economics and finance for capital management. Our results show that job vacancies for managerial and financial profiles are relatively more in line with the European database than those for technical profiles. However, the peculiarities of the humanitarian sector and the lack of standardisation are still a barrier to achieving the desired level of coherence with humanitarian policies.

Recent policy discourse on the localisation of disaster management and humanitarian assistance lacks attention to the culture, history, and traditions of the Global South. This special issue of Disasters argues that it is imperative to recognise the dynamic, interactive, contested, and negotiated nature of local knowledge. Such local knowledge saves lives by enabling responders to situate ad hoc, one-off events such as disasters in the broader and deeper context of community relationships, thereby providing more appropriate and more effective aid. Through the cases of China, Japan, Indonesia, and the Philippines, this special issue examines such dynamic local knowledge using an analytical framework consisting of three manifestations of local knowledge, namely: social capital; contextual historical memories; and adaptation to new ideas. These three manifestations show the ways in which local knowledge creates local capacity, via which local, national, and international disaster respondents can centre their response coordination, and in turn, demonstrate how local capacity reformulates local knowledge.
災害管理と人道支援の現地化に関する近年の政策議論には、アジア諸国を含むグローバル・サウスの文化、歴史、伝統への配慮が欠けている。本特集論文では、災害管理と人道支援のサイクルのすべての要素を分析する際に、ローカルナレッジの対話的でダイナミック、論争的、交渉的な性質を認識することが不可欠であることに関して議論する。これにあたり、本特集論文では、こうしたダイナミックなローカルナレッジを、社会資本、文脈記憶、新しいアイデアへの適応というローカルナレッジの3つの具現型を通じて包括的に検討する。これら3つの具現型は、ローカルナレッジが地域の力を生み出し、それをもとに地域、国、そして国際的な災害対応者がどのように対応調整を行うか、そして逆に、地域の力がローカルナレッジをどのように再形成するかを示している。.
最近关于灾害管理和人道主义援助本地化的政策讨论缺乏对包括亚洲国家在内的全球南方国家的文化、历史和传统的关注。本期特刊指出，在分析灾害管理和人道主义援助周期的所有要素时，必须认识到当地知识的互动性、动态性、争议性和协商性。为此，本特刊通过地方知识的三种表现形式，即社会资本、情境记忆和对新思想的适应，对这种动态的地方知识进行了全面研究。这三种表现形式展示了地方知识如何创造地方能力，地方、国家和国际灾害应对人员可以以此为中心进行响应协调；反过来，也展示了地方能力如何重新形成地方知识。.

Chinese humanitarian actors have worked frequently with the Chinese diaspora in disaster-affected areas, but little, if any, research has been conducted into the important role of the diaspora in disaster response and humanitarian assistance. This paper investigates what local knowledge the Chinese diaspora has offered to humanitarian actors from the People\'s Republic of China (PRC), and how this has contributed to their effectiveness. Based on a case study of the semi-autonomous Indonesian province of Aceh in the aftermath of the Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004, this paper argues that the diaspora can serve as a linchpin in local and international humanitarian action. It can do so by strengthening networks and bringing together local ethnic communities, local governments, and the PRC\'s humanitarian actors, while also offering local knowledge in the form of contextual memory. Such local knowledge may have to be fully utilised to address any underlying ethnic tensions in disaster-affected areas.
中国の人道支援活動家たちは、災害の影響を受けた地域で華僑と頻繁に協力してきたが、災害対応や人道支援における華僑の重要な役割についての研究はほとんど行われていない。この論文は、華僑が中華人民共和国の人道支援活動家たちにどのようなローカルナレッジを提供してきたのか、そしてそれがそれらの活動家の有効性にどのように貢献したかを問うものである。中国の人道支援に焦点を当てた研究は増えているが、被災地における華僑の存在や、それが果たしている役割についてはほとんど注目されていない。この論文では、2004 年の津波後のアチェの事例に基づいて、ネットワークを強化し、地元の民族コミュニティ、地方自治体、中国の人道活動主体を結びつけることによって、華僑が地元および国際的な人道活動の基軸として機能できると論じている。 また、文脈記憶の形でローカルナレッジも提供する。災害の影響を受けた地域の根底にある民族的緊張に対処するには、そのようなローカルナレッジを最大限に活用する必要があるかもしれない。.
中国人道主义行动者经常与受灾地区的华侨合作，但对于华侨在灾害应对和人道主义援助中的重要作用的研究却很少。本文探讨海外华侨向中华人民共和国的人道主义行动者提供了哪些本地知识，以及这些知识如何提高这些行动者的效力。越来越多的研究关注中国的人道主义援助，但灾区华侨的存在及其发挥的作用却很少受到关注。本文以 2004 年海啸过后的亚齐为例，指出侨民可以成为当地和国际人道主义行动的关键，通过加强网络，将当地族裔社区、当地政府和 PRC 人道主义行为者聚集在一起，同时以情境记忆的形式提供当地知识。必须充分利用这些当地知识来解决受灾地区潜在的种族紧张关系。.

Smooth interaction with a disaster-affected community can create and strengthen its social capital, leading to greater effectiveness in the provision of successful post-disaster recovery aid. To understand the relationship between the types of interaction, the strength of social capital generated, and the provision of successful post-disaster recovery aid, intricate ethnographic qualitative research is required, but it is likely to remain illustrative because it is based, at least to some degree, on the researcher\'s intuition. This paper thus offers an innovative research method employing a quantitative artificial intelligence (AI)-based language model, which allows researchers to re-examine data, thereby validating the findings of the qualitative research, and to glean additional insights that might otherwise have been missed. This paper argues that well-connected personnel and religiously-based communal activities help to enhance social capital by bonding within a community and linking to outside agencies and that mixed methods, based on the AI-based language model, effectively strengthen text-based qualitative research.
災害の影響を受けたコミュニティとの円滑な交流は、コミュニティの社会資本を構築および強化することができ、災害後の復興支援をより効果的に提供することにつながる。相互作用の種類、生成される社会資本の強さ、および成功した災害復興支援の提供の関係を理解するには、複雑な民族誌的かつ質的研究が必要であるが、それは少なくともある程度は研究者の直感に基づいているため、例示にとどまる可能性が高い。このような研究に次元を加えて強化するために、この論文では、定量的な AI ベースの言語モデルを使用した革新的研究手法を提示する。本モデルを使用することで、質的研究のデータを再調査して結果を検証し、見逃されていた可能性のあるその他の洞察の収集が可能となる。本論文では、人間関係の良好な人材と宗教に基づいた共同体活動が、コミュニティ内での絆や外部機関とのつながりによって社会資本の強化に役立つと論じている。また、AI ベースの言語モデルに基づく混合手法により、テキストベースの質的研究を効果的に強化できると論じている。.
与受灾社区的顺畅互动可创造和加强社区的社会资本，从而更有效地提供灾后恢复援助。为了理解互动类型所产生的社会资本强度以及成功的灾后恢复援助之间的关系，需要进行复杂的民族志定性研究，但它可能仍具有说明性，因为它至少在某种程度上基于研究人员的直觉。为了增加维度并加强此类研究，本文提出了一种采用基于定量人工智能的语言模型的创新研究方法。该模型允许研究人员重新审查数据，从而验证定性研究的结果，并收集定性研究可能错过的额外见解。本文认为，人脉广泛的人员和以基于宗教的社区活动有助于通过社区内的联系和与外部机构的联系来增强社会资本。它还认为，基于人工智能语言模型的混合方法能有效地加强基于文本的定性研究。.