胃肠道是一道屏障,以动态和相互调节的成分(微生物,化学,物理和免疫),用于将管腔内容物选择性地渗透到内部环境中。从免疫学家的角度来看,即使在生理状态下,肠壁上皮处于轻度炎症状态,这可以解释为抗原的不断入侵(食物,微生物)和,反过来,免疫系统不断准备作出反应。这篇综述的目的是分析有关微生物和免疫屏障形成的信息,对微生物群的免疫耐受以及类黄酮在其中的可能作用。材料和方法。使用PubMed进行文献检索,ResearchGate,Elibrary数据库主要是在过去的10年中,使用以下关键词:类黄酮,肠道微生物组/微生物群,Th17,Treg,RORγt,豁免权,分节的丝状细菌。结果。在免疫反应过程中,17型辅助性T淋巴细胞(Th17)在维持肠屏障功能方面具有重要作用。肠道微生物组是形成免疫屏障的关键因素。肠道中的Th17分化完全由共生体触发(显然,主要作用属于分段丝状菌)断奶和开始补充喂养后。通过抗炎调节性T细胞(Treg)控制肠中的促炎Th17效应物。近年来,已经确定,尽管调节细胞和效应Th17细胞具有相反的功能,它们的分化相似,其特征是共同转录因子RORγt的表达。肠的外周调节淋巴细胞的主要部分是不仅稳定表达FOXP3而且稳定表达RORγt的群体。黄酮类化合物,它们是多酚结构的植物次生代谢产物,能够抑制细胞内激酶,因此,影响免疫活性细胞的效应子功能的激活和实现。一些类黄酮促进RORγt表达,并似乎能够重新编程Th17细胞的效应表型,降低其致病性。结论。了解微生物群之间的相互作用,免疫细胞,以及涉及其监管的因素,这对保持公差至关重要,可以促进预防和治疗免疫炎症和自身免疫性疾病的方法的进展。
The gastrointestinal tract is a barrier, represented by dynamic and mutually regulating components (microbial, chemical, physical and immune) for the selective penetration of luminal contents into the internal environment. From the point of view of immunologists, even in a physiological condition, the epithelium of the intestinal wall is in a state of mild inflammation, which is explained by the constant invasion of antigens (food, microbial) and, in turn, the constant readiness of the immune system to respond. The purpose of this review was to analyze information about the formation of microbial and immunological barriers, immunological tolerance to microbiota and the possible role of flavonoids in this. Material and methods. The literature search was carried out using PubMed, ResearchGate, Elibrary databases mainly for the last 10 years, using the following keywords: flavonoid, gut microbiome/microbiota, Th17, Treg, RORγt, immunity, segmented filamentous bacteria. Results. During the immune response, a significant role in maintaining the intestinal barrier function is assigned to helper T lymphocytes type 17 (Th17). The intestinal microbiome is a key element in the formation of the immune barrier. Th17 differentiation in the intestine is fully triggered by commensals (apparently, the main role belongs to segmented filamentous bacteria) after weaning and the start of complementary feeding. Pro-inflammatory Th17 effectors in the gut are controlled by anti-inflammatory regulatory T-cells (Treg). In recent years, it has been established that despite the opposing functions of regulatory cells and effector Th17 cells, their differentiation is similar and is characterized by the expression of the common transcription factor RORγt. The main part of the peripheral regulatory lymphocytes of the intestine is a population that stably expresses not only FOXP3, but also RORγt. Flavonoids, which are plant secondary metabolites of the polyphenolic structure, are able to inhibit intracellular kinases and, as a result, influence the activation and implementation of effector functions of immunocompetent cells. Some flavonoids promote RORγt expression and appear to be able to reprogram the effector phenotype of Th17 cells, reducing their pathogenicity. Conclusion. Understanding the interactions between the microbiota, immune cells, and factors involved in their regulation, which are critical for the maintenance of tolerance, may facilitate progress in the prevention and therapeutic approaches to treat immunoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases.