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Critical care trials evaluate the effect of interventions in patients with diverse personal histories and causes of illness, often under the umbrella of heterogeneous clinical syndromes, such as sepsis or acute respiratory distress syndrome. Given this variation, it is reasonable to expect that the effect of treatment on outcomes may differ for individuals with variable characteristics. However, in randomized controlled trials, efficacy is typically assessed by the average treatment effect (ATE), which quantifies the average effect of the intervention on the outcome in the study population. Importantly, the ATE may hide variations of the treatment\'s effect on a clinical outcome across levels of patient characteristics, which may erroneously lead to the conclusion that an intervention does not work overall when it may in fact benefit certain patients. In this review, we describe methodological approaches for assessing heterogeneity of treatment effect (HTE), including expert-derived subgrouping, data-driven subgrouping, baseline risk modeling, treatment effect modeling, and individual treatment rule estimation. Next, we outline how insights from HTE analyses can be incorporated into the design of clinical trials. Finally, we propose a research agenda for advancing the field and bringing HTE approaches to the bedside.

UNASSIGNED: Using digital health in primary health care (PHC) contributes to reducing costs and travel time, achieving global development goals, improving access, quality and longitudinality of care, and managing health crises. Its evaluation must go beyond the technical-operational aspects to include patient satisfaction, a key element in assessing the quality of care.
UNASSIGNED: To identify and map patient satisfaction (expectations, desires, cultural values) about the adoption of digital health strategies and assess their impact on the quality of care in PHC.
UNASSIGNED: The review will follow the recommendations proposed by the Joanna\'s Briggs Institute (JBI) manual, the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) and the methodology proposed by Arksey and O\'Malley and Levac et al. and will be conducted in nine stages. The search will be conducted in health studies databases (MEDLINE via PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science, and BVS), gray literature, and preprint repositories (Google Scholar and MedRxiv). Two reviewers will select the studies, and the third will analyze possible conflicts. The inclusion criteria comprise studies that have been made available in their entirety, whether they are primary studies or short communications, as well as the following materials extracted from the gray literature: preprints, manuals, government documents, books, guidelines, theses and dissertations. Exclusion criteria include literature reviews, abstracts, books, conference archives, letters to the editor, duplicates and opinion articles. Data will be analyzed by content analysis and inferential statistics. This protocol is registered on the Open Science Framework (OSF) under DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/PUJDB.
UNASSIGNED: The study aims to understand aspects related to the expectations, desires, and cultural values of patients from different countries, as well as the strengths and critical nodes of the use of digital health on the quality of care in PHC.

BACKGROUND: Promoting mental health, preventing and treating mental disorders are critically important in public health, and many randomised controlled trials (RCTs) evaluate intervention strategies for these objectives. However, distinguishing promotion from prevention and from treatment RCTs is challenging. A tool to place studies along the promotion-to-treatment continuum in mental health research does not exist, leaving it to researchers and policymakers to decide on how to classify individual RCTs, which hinders evidence synthesis.
METHODS: We present a protocol for the development of a new tool to assist researchers in distinguishing RCTs along the promotion-to-treatment continuum. We will establish a Tool Development Group, and use the Population, Intervention, Comparison and Outcome framework to define constructs. We will generate, define, categorise and reduce the items in the tool using qualitative methods, including cognitive interviews and a Delphi exercise. Psychometric evaluation-including unidimensionality, local independence, monotonicity and item homogeneity-will include data collection, scoring, internal consistency checks and factor analysis of the tool\'s indicators for available RCTs. We will use standard Cohen\'s kappa statistics to assess the reliability of the tool.
BACKGROUND: This study involves data collection from the already published literature. However, this protocol has been approved by the ethics committee of the Università della Svizzera Italiana (CE 2024 04). The results of the present project will be disseminated in peer-reviewed journals and at international and national scientific meetings. Training materials for the application of the tool will also be developed and disseminated to the scientific community. The tool and all related implementation materials will be published on a website and will be freely accessible to the public.

BACKGROUND: Parent-mediated interventions are therapeutic approaches that use parent training to enable parents to provide primary support and intervention to their child through the development of necessary skills, knowledge, and resources.Parent-mediated interventions can be broadly divided into two stages: (1) Clinicians educating, training and coaching parents in the implementation of an intervention and relevant information regarding their child\'s condition and (2) Parent(s) mediating and implementing the intervention based on the coaching and education received. These interventions can act as the primary intervention for children or supplement clinical interventions. This review will include both stages of the implementation process as well as both primary and supplementary interventions. Outcomes of parent-mediated interventions include long-term symptom reduction, improved prognosis for a wide range of behavioural and brain functions and enhanced parent-child dyadic social communication.
METHODS: This systematic review aims to synthesise existing evidence and identify the characteristics of effective parent-mediated intervention for parents of children with neurodevelopmental disorders residing in rural areas. Systematic searches of CINAHL, PsycINFO, ProQuest allied health and nursing database, Ebscohost Psych and Behavioural database and SocINDEX were conducted twice with the latest completed on 5 March 2024 using preidentified search terms. Citations will be imported into EndNote V.20.6 (Clarivate Analytics, Pennsylvania, USA) to organise and de-duplicate and then Covidence to complete screening and extraction. The articles will be screened and reviewed following the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) guidelines for systematic reviews of Mixed methods. The JBI appraisal tools for systematic reviews will be used to assess the trustworthiness, relevance and results of qualitative, quantitative and mixed-methods studies. The scope of the literature analysed will include articles published between 2013 and 2024 in English. Literature was limited to the last 10 years to ensure the relevance of results as the intention is to report on current evidence. The start date of the study was March 2023 and the planned completion date is October 2024.
BACKGROUND: This study will neither involve human nor animal subjects and does not require ethics approval. Results will be disseminated to relevant groups in peer-reviewed journal(s) and at relevant children and parent health conferences or rural conferences. The key outcomes will also be shared on social media to support access for non-research audiences.

BACKGROUND: Unhealthy diets pose a significant public health risk among European children, contributing to the increasing prevalence of overweight and non-communicable diseases. Children spend a substantial amount of time at school daily, including lunchtime, so the school setting becomes crucial for promoting healthy diets and lifestyle habits. While there is a large body of literature on the impact of school food policies on health and non-health outcomes, it is essential to identify which policies are effective and can be recommended for implementation to ensure the efficient use of resources. This article presents a protocol for a scoping review that aims to map the current published literature on the effects of school food policies on health outcomes, acceptance and affordability in secondary school children in Europe. Moreover, the scoping review will map the measurements used to assess health outcomes, acceptance and affordability.
METHODS: The scoping review protocol and review follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Review. To identify eligible studies, we will search MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL and Web of Science. The reference lists of the included articles will be checked for additional studies. In addition, country-specific ministry reports from Member States of the European Union, the UK, Norway, Iceland and Switzerland will be identified. The WHO and European Commission websites will also be searched for relevant reports. The scoping review will include literature published until 20 September 2023. No restrictions to study design and language will be applied. Screening and data extraction will be carried out independently by three reviewers. Disagreements will be resolved by discussion. A pretested data charting table will be used to extract key information. Findings will be presented in tabular and visualised summaries and a narrative summary.
BACKGROUND: This scoping review does not require ethical approval. Our dissemination strategy comprises peer-reviewed publications, conference presentations and recommendations to policy-makers.

BACKGROUND: While the guidelines acknowledge the anticipated benefits of using an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) in individuals with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT). However, the potential adverse effects have received less attention.
METHODS: To address this issue comprehensively, we will explore various databases such as the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, EMBASE and PubMed. Our study will include CPVT patients, both with and without ICD implantation. Two researchers will evaluate the eligible studies independently and gather pertinent data. The quality of the studies included will be assessed using either the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale or the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool. Data analysis will be conducted using RevMan.
BACKGROUND: Because this research depends exclusively on existing studies, obtaining patient informed consent and ethics approval is unnecessary. The results of this meta-analysis will be shared at conferences or in peer-reviewed journals.
UNASSIGNED: CRD42022370824.

Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is a pervasive factor that has shaped the evolution of life on Earth. Ambient levels of UVR mediate key biological functions but can also cause severe lethal and sublethal effects in a wide range of organisms. Furthermore, UVR is a powerful modulator of the effects of other environmental factors on organismal physiology, such as temperature, disease, toxicology and pH, among others. This is critically important in the context of global change, where understanding the effects of multiple stressors is a key challenge for experimental biologists. Ecological physiologists rarely afford UVR discussion or include UVR in experimental design, even when it is directly relevant to their study system. In this Commentary, we provide a guide for experimental biologists to better understand if, when, and how UVR can be integrated into experimental designs to improve the ecological realism of their experiments.

Calculation of sample size is an essential part of research study design since it affects the reliability and feasibility of the research study. In this article, we look at the principles of sample size calculation for different types of research studies.

Qualitative research is a relatively new approach for conducting studies in health disciplines. The value of this research approach is to explore peoples\' experiences and gain a deeper understanding of the meaning of their experiences. Qualitative inquiries answer research questions about what, why and how by implementing various research designs such as qualitative descriptive, qualitative case study, ethnological, phenomenology, or grounded theory designs. Purposive and snowball sampling methods are commonly used to recruit participants followed by personal interviews or focus group discussions to collect data. Data analysis requires several coding procedures performed by the researcher or an alternative is using a coding software program. Preparing a manuscript for dissemination of the results can be challenging, although achievable.