UNASSIGNED: We aimed to elucidate the mechanism leading to polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA).
UNASSIGNED: PCOS is an endocrine disorder. Patients with RSA also have a high incidence rate of PCOS, implying that PCOS and RSA may share the same pathological mechanism.
UNASSIGNED: The single-cell RNA-seq datasets of PCOS (GSE168404 and GSE193123) and RSA GSE113790 and GSE178535) were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database.
UNASSIGNED: Datasets of PSCO and RSA patients were retrieved from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The \"WGCNA\" package was used to determine the module eigengenes associated with the PCOS and RSA phenotypes and the gene functions were analyzed using the \"DAVID\" database. The GSEA analysis was performed in \"clusterProfiler\" package, and key genes in the activated pathways were identified using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was conducted to determine the mRNA level. Cell viability and apoptosis were measured by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and flow cytometry, respectively.
UNASSIGNED: The modules related to PCOS and RSA were sectioned by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and positive correlation modules of PCOS and RSA were all enriched in angiogenesis and Wnt pathways. The GSEA further revealed that these biological processes of angiogenesis, Wnt and regulation of cell cycle were significantly positively correlated with the PCOS and RSA phenotypes. The intersection of the positive correlation modules of PCOS and RSA contained 80 key genes, which were mainly enriched in kinase-related signal pathways and were significant high-expressed in the disease samples. Subsequently, visualization of these genes including PDGFC, GHR, PRLR and ITGA3 showed that these genes were associated with the PI3K-AKT signal pathway. Moreover, the experimental results showed that PRLR had a higher expression in KGN cells, and that knocking PRLR down suppressed cell viability and promoted apoptosis of KGN cells.
UNASSIGNED: This study revealed the common pathological mechanisms between PCOS and RSA and explored the role of the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway in the two diseases, providing a new direction for the clinical treatment of PCOS and RSA.

BACKGROUND: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age, is closely associated with chronic low-grade inflammation and metabolic disturbances. In PCOS mice, dietary inulin has been demonstrated to regulate intestinal flora and inflammation. However, the efficacy of dietary inulin in clinical PCOS remains unclear.
OBJECTIVE: The intestinal flora and related metabolic indexes of obese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) after 3 months of inulin treatment were analyzed.
METHODS: To analyze the intestinal flora and related metabolic indexes in healthy controls and obese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome after 3 months of inulin treatment.
RESULTS: The results showed that dietary inulin improved sex hormone disorders, reduced BMI and WHR levels in obese women with PCOS. In addition, the inulin intervention reduced plasma TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and MCP-1levels. Inulin intervention increased the abundance of Actinobacteria, Fusobacteria, Lachnospira, and Bifidobacterium, as well as decreased the ratio of F/B and the abundance of proteobacteria, Sutterella, and Enterobacter. Correlation analyses showed a strong relationship among plasma inflammatory factors, sex steroid hormones, and the intestinal flora of patients.
CONCLUSIONS: Dietary inulin may improve obese PCOS women disease through the gut flora-inflammation-steroid hormone pathway.
BACKGROUND: ChiCTR-IOR-17012281.

PCOS is a heterogeneous, multifactorial endocrine disorder with a complex pathophysiology. It is a globally rising infertility disorder that affects a large percentage of women of reproductive age, with a relatively high prevalence of 8-13%. Genome-wide association studies have revealed associations of genetic variations with many diseases, including PCOS. The cellular activity of IL8 is mediated by the receptor CXCR2, and transcription of IL8 is controlled by TNF-α. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the association of TNF-α, CCR5-delta32, and CXCR2 gene variations with PCOS.
METHODS: In this case control study, we used amplification-refractory mutation system (ARMS)-PCR to detect and determine the presence of the polymorphic variants TNF-α, CCR5-delta32, and CXCR2 in the study subjects. These gene polymorphs may serve as critical candidate gene variants in PCOS pathogenesis and therapeutics.
RESULTS: The case-control study\'s findings revealed that the majority of the biochemical and endocrine serum biomarkers examined in the investigation-including lipids (LDL, HDL, and cholesterol), T2DM markers (fasting glucose, free insulin, and HOMA-IR), and hormones (FSH, LH, testosterone, and progesterone)-exhibited statistically significant changes in PCOS patients. The distributions of TNF-α (rs1800629), CCR5-delta32, and CXCR2 (rs2230054) genotypes analyzed within PCOS patients and healthy controls in the considered population were significant (p < 0.05). The heterozygosity of CXCR2-CA, TNF-α GA, and CCR5(WT+Δ32*) genotypes was significantly associated with PCOS susceptibility, with high OR and p < 0.05 in the codominant model. Similarly, the A allele of the TNF-α and CXCR2 genes, along with the CCR5Δ32*(mutant) allele, was significantly associated with PCOS susceptibility, with high OR and p < 0.05. Likewise, the CXCR2 (CA+AA) vs CC genotype was associated with increased susceptibility to PCOS, with OR 2.25, p < 0.032.
CONCLUSIONS: Our study concludes that TNF-α rs1800629G>A, CXCR2-rs2230054C>T, and CCR5-Delta32 rs333 are potential loci for developing PCOS in the Tabuk population. These findings might eventually be useful in identifying and classifying those who are at risk for PCOS. To validate these results, it is advised that further longitudinal studies be conducted in diverse ethnic populations and with larger sample sizes.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine disorder impacting women\'s health and quality of life. This scoping review explores the use of the Internet of Things (IoT) in PCOS management. Results were grouped into six domains of the IoT: mobile apps, social media, wearables, machine learning, websites, and phone-based. A further domain was created to capture participants\' perspectives on using the IoT in PCOS management. Mobile apps appear to be useful for menstrual cycle tracking, symptom recording, and education. Despite concerns regarding the quality and reliability of social media content, these platforms may play an important role in disseminating PCOS-related information. Wearables facilitate detailed symptom monitoring and improve communication with healthcare providers. Machine learning algorithms show promising results in PCOS diagnosis accuracy, risk prediction, and app development. Although abundant, PCOS-related content on websites may lack quality and cultural considerations. While patients express concerns about online misinformation, they consider online forums valuable for peer connection. Using text messages and phone calls to provide feedback and support to PCOS patients may help them improve lifestyle behaviors and self-management skills. Advancing evidence-based, culturally sensitive, and accessible IoT solutions can enhance their potential to transform PCOS care, address misinformation, and empower women to better manage their symptoms.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the individual and combined effects of SAE and Met on the expression of genes related to insulin signaling, oxidative stress, hormonal imbalance, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia in rats with induced PCOS.
METHODS: The estrous cycle of 50 adult Wistar female rats was monitored through vaginal smears. Subsequently, the rats were randomly assigned into five groups of 10, including control (receiving 1 ml of carboxymethyl cellulose for 49 days), induction (letrozole at 1 mg/kg/d for 21 days), SAE, Met, and SAE/Met. SAE and Met were orally administered at doses of 400 mg/kg/d and 250 mg/kg/d on day 22 and continued for an additional 28 days. Vaginal smears were analyzed, and gene expression levels of GLUT4, SIRT1, TNF-α, and INSR were evaluated using RT-qPCR. Antioxidant parameters were assessed using detection kits.
RESULTS: Treatment with SAE and Met restored a regular estrous cycle pattern in PCOS rats. Furthermore, SAE and Met treatment improved hormonal balance, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia in the rats. Administration of SAE and Met significantly elevated levels of antioxidant enzymes SOD and GPx in ovarian tissue (P<0.001). Additionally, mRNA levels of GLUT4, SIRT1, and INSR were significantly increased in ovarian tissue following SAE and Met treatment, while TNF-α gene expression decreased significantly (P<0.0001).
CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that SAE and Met aqueous extract exert protective effects on letrozole-induced PCOS in rats by modulating gene expression associated with insulin signaling and oxidative stress.

BACKGROUND: Zishen Qingre Lishi Huayu recipe (ZQLHR) has shown significant therapeutic effects in treating sex hormone levels and follicular developmental disorders in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). However, little is known about the potential mechanisms of its treatment.
METHODS: Dehydroepiandrosterone and a high-fat diet induced the PCOS model rat. The serum of rats was collected to detect the levels of sex hormones and inflammatory cytokines by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the ovaries were collected for ovarian histopathology and qPCR assay to detect the levels of inflammatory cytokines in ovarian tissues. Granulosa cells (GCs) were collected for western blot assay to detect of IL-1β, IL-6R, and LOX protein expression levels.
RESULTS: ZQLHR could reduce body weight, regulate estrous cycles, and improve serum sex hormone levels, follicular development, and insulin resistance (IR) in PCOS model rats. In addition, ZQLHR treatment improved the levels of inflammatory cytokines in serum and ovary, and regulated the protein expression of IL-6R, IL-1β, and LOX in GCs of PCOS model rats. The results showed that the HOMA-IR index increased with the increasing levels of IL-6, IL-1β, and CRP, and decreased with the increased IL-10.
CONCLUSIONS: This study reveals that the treatment of endocrine disorders and ovulation disorders in PCOS with ZQLHR may be closely related to the improvement of systemic and ovarian inflammation in PCOS patients, as well as the inhibition of IL-6R, IL-1β, and LOX expression in GCs, which reemphasizes the role of reducing chronic inflammatory states in the treatment of PCOS. Moreover, this study reemphasizes the correlation between multiple inflammatory mediators and IR.

BACKGROUND: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) presents a significant challenge in women\'s reproductive health, characterized by disrupted folliculogenesis and ovulatory dysfunction. Central to PCOS pathogenesis are granulosa cells, whose dysfunction contributes to aberrant steroid hormone production and oxidative stress. Mitochondrial dysfunction emerges as a key player, influencing cellular energetics, oxidative stress, and steroidogenesis. This study investigates the therapeutic potential of menstrual blood-derived stem cells (MenSCs) and their exosomes in mitigating mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in PCOS granulosa cells.
METHODS: Using a rat model of PCOS induced by letrozole, granulosa cells were harvested and cultured. MenSCs and their exosomes were employed to assess their effects on mitochondrial biogenesis, oxidative stress, and estrogen production in PCOS granulosa cells.
RESULTS: Results showed diminished mitochondrial biogenesis and increased oxidative stress in PCOS granulosa cells, alongside reduced estrogen production. Treatment with MenSCs and their exosomes demonstrated significant improvements in mitochondrial biogenesis, oxidative stress levels, and estrogen production in PCOS granulosa cells. Further analysis showed MenSCs\' superior efficacy over exosomes, attributed to their sustained secretion of bioactive factors. Mechanistically, MenSCs and exosomes activated pathways related to mitochondrial biogenesis and antioxidative defense, highlighting their therapeutic potential for PCOS.
CONCLUSIONS: This study offers insights into granulosa cells mitochondria\'s role in PCOS pathogenesis and proposes MenSCs and exosomes as a potential strategy for mitigating mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in PCOS. Further research is needed to understand underlying mechanisms and validate clinical efficacy, presenting promising avenues for addressing PCOS complexity.

OBJECTIVE: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) disease the most common endocrinopathy among reproductive age women , and its association with metabolic syndrome is investigated in many reports. The most common cause of hirsutism worldwide is considered to be idiopathic hirsutism (IH) defined as clinical hirsutism without underlying hormonal imbalance. Spexin is a novel peptide and is mainly involved in energy homeostasis and, has not yet made its way into clinical practice. We aim to investigate spexin in an understudied population of hirsute patients.
METHODS: This prospective case-control study analysis involved 48 patients with hirsutism.and, was further divided into two groups: 26 had PCOS syndrome and 22 had IH. 40 healthy, age and BMI-matched non-hirsute women enrolled as the control group. The spexin level was determined using a human spexin ELISA kit.
RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference in spexin levels found between hirsutism and control patients 1514 vs 1425 ng/L, (p = 0.849). Spexin levels were found to be significantly higher in the PCOS hirsutism group than in the IH group (1668.5 ng/L vs 1021 ng/L), (p = 0.022). Correlations of spexin levels with total testosterone, low-density lipoprotein, and total cholesterol were found in hirsutism patients.
CONCLUSIONS: Our findings conclude that both IH and PCOS hirsutism patients have an increased risk of metabolic syndrome; hyperandrogenemia and dyslipidemia contribute to the progression of upcoming research on metabolic syndrome. Low spexin levels in IH in hirsute patients Could potentially elucidate the pathogenesis of the condition, consequently assisting in diminishing the risk of associated complications.

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Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a leading cause of infertility, with an estimated worldwide prevalence between 5% and 15%. We conducted a case-control study with 121 PCOS patients and 155 controls to assess the association between coffee intake and the presence of having a diagnosis of PCOS in women in Murcia, Spain. The PCOS diagnosis was determined following Rotterdam criteria (the presence of two of the following three conditions: hyperandrogenism, oligo-anovulation, and/or polycystic ovarian morphology). Coffee consumption was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using multiple logistic regression. Coffee consumption was categorized into never, less than one cup per day, one cup per day, and two or more cups per day. We found a significant inverse linear trend: the higher the coffee consumption, the lower the probability of having PCOS in multivariable analysis (p-trend = 0.034). Women who presented with PCOS were less likely to drink one cup of coffee compared to those who had never drunk coffee (OR = 0.313, 95% CI: 0.141-0.69). The consumption of at least one cup of coffee per day may be associated with a decrease in PCOS symptoms.