背景:对植物性饮食的兴趣随着高度加工的植物性肉类和乳制品替代品的种类和可用性的增加而增加。商业景观的变化和公众对植物性饮食的兴趣对饮食摄入的影响尚不清楚。
目的:研究美国成年人植物性饮食的消费和组成趋势。
方法:使用国家健康和营养检查调查的连续横断面数据来评估1999-2000年至2017年至2020年3月期间,20岁以上的美国成年人食用植物性饮食(定义为24小时饮食中植物的总蛋白质含量≥50%)的趋势(n=51,698)。在食用植物性饮食的成年人(n=8,327)中评估了加工水平(超加工食品的能量摄入百分比)和饮食质量(HEI-2020评分)的趋势。
结果:美国成年人食用植物性饮食的比例从14.4%(95%CI:12.9-16.0%)增加到17.2%(95%CI:15.5-19.1%;趋势P=0.005)。在所有调查周期中,超加工食品占能量摄入的大部分,植物性饮食中超加工食品的摄入随着时间的推移没有显着变化(1999-2000年的50.7%kcal[95%CI:47.3-54.1%]与2017-2020年3月为52.7%大卡[95%CI:49.7-55.6%];趋势P=0.34)。植物性饮食的质量,以HEI-2020成绩衡量,从52.1(95%CI:49.7-54.6)提高到55.8(95%CI:54.1-57.5;趋势P<0.001)。
结论:在1999年至2020年3月期间,美国成年人食用植物性饮食的比例增加。在食用植物性饮食的人群中,超加工食品对能量摄入的贡献最大,并且随着时间的推移,摄入量没有持续变化。平均饮食质量较低,但略有改善。
BACKGROUND: Interest in plant-based eating has increased alongside increased variety and availability of highly processed plant-based meat and dairy alternatives. The impact of the shifting commercial landscape and public interest in plant-based eating on dietary intake is unknown.
OBJECTIVE: To examine trends in the consumption and composition of plant-based diets in the United States adults.
METHODS: Serial cross-sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used to assess trends in the proportion of United States adults aged ≥20 y consuming a plant-based diet (defined as ≥50% total protein from plants on a 24-h dietary recall) from 1999-2000 to 2017-March 2020 (n = 51,698). Trends in processing level (percentage energy intake from ultraprocessed foods) and diet quality [Healthy Eating Index (HEI)-2020 scores] were assessed in the subset of adults consuming plant-based diets (n = 8327).
RESULTS: The proportion of United States adults consuming plant-based diets increased from 14.4% (95% CI: 12.9%, 16.0%) to 17.2% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 15.5%, 19.1%; P = 0.005 for trend). In all survey cycles, ultraprocessed foods accounted for the majority of energy intake, and ultraprocessed food intake in plant-based diets did not significantly change over time [50.7% kcal (95% CI: 47.3%, 54.1%) in 1999-2000 compared with 52.7% kcal (95% CI: 49.7%, 55.6%) in 2017-March 2020; P for trend = 0.34]. The quality of plant-based diets, measured by HEI-2020 scores, improved from 52.1 (95% CI: 49.7, 54.6) to 55.8 (95% CI: 54.1, 57.5; P for trend <0.001).
CONCLUSIONS: Between 1999 and March 2020, the proportion of United States adults consuming a plant-based diet increased. Among people consuming plant-based diets, ultraprocessed foods contributed most to energy intake and there was no sustained change in intake over time. The mean diet quality was low but improved modestly.