持久性有机污染物(POPs)在食物链中生物积累,并可能引起生态毒性。在野生鸟类种群中,各种组织用于确定POP水平,包括侵入性(例如,大脑,脂肪,肾,肝脏,肌肉)和微创组织(例如,血,羽毛,preen油)。微创采样,这不需要动物的死亡,为采样鸟类作为环境污染的哨兵及其对健康的影响开辟了新的前景。然而,组织之间的POP变异性研究不足,这是合理选择要取样的组织的必要先决条件。这里,我们对115项研究中的8项组织进行了荟萃分析,比较了不同POP组的组织.我们证明在1974年至2020年之间越来越多地使用微创措施。当将组织相关性分为三组时,“侵入性:侵入性”,“侵入性:微创性”和“微创性:微创性”,我们发现,所有三组都产生了中度到强烈的正相关,而对照组之间没有差异。我们证明(1)preen油中的POP浓度低于脂肪,但是检测频率没有差异,支持preen油的使用;(2)血液显示出取决于POP组的高浓度变异性,但检测频率与肝脏和肾脏相当;(3)羽毛的检测频率显着低于其他测得的基质。通过进一步研究微创组织,我们增加了对微创组织是否在生态上代表身体水平毒性的理解。我们的研究支持血液和preen油作为采样活体鸟类种群时的侵入性措施的替代品,因为它们代表内部POP浓度,并在实践和道德上提供了显着的益处。
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) bioaccumulate in the food chain and can cause ecotoxicity. In wild bird populations, various tissues are used to determine POP levels, including invasive (e.g., brain, fat, kidney, liver, muscle) and minimally-invasive tissues (e.g., blood, feather, preen oil). Minimally-invasive sampling, which does not require the death of the animal, opens new prospects for sampling birds as sentinels of environmental pollution and its consequences on fitness. However, POP variability between tissues is understudied, which is an essential prerequisite for making a reasoned choice about which tissues to sample. Here, we performed a meta-analysis of eight tissues across 115 studies comparing tissues across POP groups. We demonstrate increased use of minimally-invasive measures between 1974 and 2020. When grouping tissue correlations into three groups, \"invasive:invasive\", \"invasive:minimally-invasive\" and \"minimally-invasive:minimally-invasive\", we found that all three groups produced moderate to strong positive correlations with no difference seen between comparison groups. We demonstrate (1) lower POP concentrations in preen oil than fat, but no difference in detection frequencies, supporting preen oil use; (2) blood showed high concentration variability dependent on POP group but detection frequencies were comparable to liver and kidney; and (3) feathers demonstrated a significantly lower detection frequency than other matrices measured. By further researching minimally-invasive tissues, we increase our understanding of whether minimally-invasive tissues are ecologically representative of body-level toxicity. Our study supports blood and preen oil as substitutes for invasive measures when sampling living bird populations as they represent internal POP concentrations and provide significant benefits both practically and ethically.