OBJECTIVE: Medical education led by peers and near-peers has been shown to benefit both teachers and learners and can be successfully incorporated into radiology education. The authors created a virtual, multi-institution pediatric radiology conference employing peer and near-peer teaching with the goals of improving radiology knowledge and enhancing the educational experience of radiology trainees.
METHODS: Two radiology residency programs implemented a common pediatric radiology curriculum and joint quarterly virtual peer teaching conference. Conferences featured short teaching sessions led by six to ten radiology trainees and were facilitated by attending pediatric radiologists. Knowledge assessments (KA) consisting of multiple-choice questions inspired by conference learning objectives were sent to peer educators before the conference (pre-conference), directly after the conference (immediate post-conference), and three months after the conference (delayed post-conference). Surveys were distributed to peer educators immediately after conferences to assess conference reception and solicit feedback. Quantitative data was analyzed using ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis test, and post-hoc Tukey HSD test.
RESULTS: Four conferences featured 33 peer educators consisting primarily of first-year (60.6 %), second-year (18.2 %), and third-year (15.2 %) radiology residents. Compared to pre-conference scores, immediate post-conference scores were significantly increased (HSD 13, p = 0.02) and delayed post-conference scores were increased without statistical significance (HSD 5.8, p = 0.29). Almost all survey respondents perceived the conferences as helpful, well-organized, and effective in teaching pediatric radiology. A majority of participants expressed interest in participating in future peer teaching radiology conferences.
CONCLUSIONS: A virtual pediatric radiology peer and near-peer teaching conference held between two radiology residencies improved short-term radiology knowledge of educators and was highly received.

Arachnoid granulations (AGs) are generally benign structures within the subarachnoid space that extend into the dural sinuses and calvarial bone. They can present in a variety of sizes but are termed \'giant\' arachnoid granulations (GAGs) when they are larger than 1 cm in diameter or take up a significant portion of the dural sinus\' lumen. Vermiform giant arachnoid granulations are a specific type of GAG that are known for their worm-like appearance. Specifically, these vermiform GAGs can be challenging to diagnose as they can mimic other pathologies like dural sinus thrombosis, sinus cavernomas, or brain tumors. In this case series, we present two cases of vermiform giant arachnoid granulations, discuss their imaging characteristics and highlight the diagnostic challenges to improve identification and prevent misdiagnoses.

OBJECTIVE: During computed tomography (CT), a large amount of ionizing radiation is emitted to ensure high quality of the obtained radiological image. This study measured the dose distribution around the CT scanner and the exposure of people staying near the CT scanner during the examination.
METHODS: The measurements used an anthropomorphic phantom to assess human exposure to ionizing radiation. The probability of inducing leukemia and other cancers as a result of absorbing doses recorded around the CT device was also calculated.
RESULTS: The highest exposure to scattered radiation in the proximity of the CT scanner is recorded at the gantry of the tomograph, i.e., 55.7 μGy, and the lowest, below lower detection limit of 6 μGy at the end of the diagnostic table. The whole-body detector placed on the anthropomorphic phantom located at the diagnostic table right next to the CT gantry recorded 59.5 μSv and at the end of the table 1.5 μSv. The average doses to the lenses in these locations were: 32.1 μSv and 2.9 μSv, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS: The probability of induction of leukemia or other types of cancer is low, but the need for people to stay in the examination room during a CT examination should be limited to the necessary minimum. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2024;37(3).

Radiology in Canada is advancing through innovations in clinical practices and research methodologies. Recent developments focus on refining evidence-based practice guidelines, exploring innovative imaging techniques and enhancing diagnostic processes through artificial intelligence. Within the global radiology community, Canadian institutions play an important role by engaging in international collaborations, such as with the American College of Radiology to refine implementation of the Ovarian-Adnexal Reporting and Data System for ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. Additionally, researchers have participated in multidisciplinary collaborations to evaluate the performance of artificial intelligence-driven diagnostic tools for chronic liver disease and pediatric brain tumors. Beyond clinical radiology, efforts extend to addressing gender disparities in the field, improving educational practices, and enhancing the environmental sustainability of radiology departments. These advancements highlight Canada\'s role in the global radiology community, showcasing a commitment to improving patient outcomes and advancing the field through research and innovation. This update underscores the importance of continued collaboration and innovation to address emerging challenges and further enhance the quality and efficacy of radiology practices worldwide.

This article explores the practice of immobilization during fluoroscopy procedures for infants, discussing its advantages and disadvantages. The authors examine contrasting policies and thoughts on immobilization across different medical institutions. While some advocate for its routine use to minimize patient motion, enhance imaging quality, and decrease radiation exposure, others question its necessity and raise concerns about patient consent and parental distress. Ethical dilemmas are also discussed regarding patient autonomy and psychological impact on families. The authors advocate for a balanced approach, recognizing the utility of immobilization in certain clinical scenarios while still emphasizing patient-centered care. Ultimately, the article underscores the importance of institutional policies that prioritize both patient safety and ethical principles in pediatric radiology practices.

Moyamoya disease is characterized by progressive internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusion. Extracranial-intracranial bypass surgery is effective, particularly in pediatric patients; imaging plays a crucial role in evaluating intracranial perfusion pre- and post-surgery. Arterial spin labeling (ASL) is a magnetic resonance technique employed for noninvasive, whole-brain perfusion assessment by magnetically labeling inflowing blood. However, ASL cannot evaluate the territories and development of each vessel perfusion compared with digital subtraction angiography (DSA). Recently, super-selective ASL (SS-ASL) has been developed, performing pinpoint labeling on a specific artery at a time, and offering a tomographic view that distinctly displays blood supply areas for each vessel. Unlike DSA, SS-ASL is noninvasive and can be repeatedly performed in pediatric patients. In conclusion, SS-ASL is useful for evaluating bypass development over time and understanding the pathophysiology of pediatric moyamoya disease.

This review is a bird\'s eye view of the practice of pediatric radiology in India. The key focus of this article is training, certification and employment opportunities for radiologists aspiring to specialise in pediatric radiology. Further, we have traced the growth in academic and research opportunities over the past two decades, as well as given a peep into the future trajectory of this speciality. An understanding of these concepts is key to the expansion of pediatric radiologists not just within India, but across the globe.

OBJECTIVE: To describe a systematic scanning approach using anatomical landmarks followed by an assessment of radiology trainees\' ability to identify the normal appendix in healthy children.
METHODS: Uncontrolled pre and post study assessing radiology residents\' sonographic skills in detecting the normal appendix in healthy children. Initial questionnaire for the trainees\' demographics, perceptions and experiences in detecting the appendix with ultrasound in children followed by a precourse test on healthy volunteers. Hands-on training was conducted by describing a systematic sonographic approach to identify the appendix using anatomical landmarks, and then a postcourse test was carried out. The primary outcome was unprompted ability to identify the appendix. Subjective self-scoring of confidence was also recorded.
RESULTS: A three-hour hands-on workshop was conducted. Sixteen radiology trainees participated and were randomly distributed to four stations, each with different ultrasound machines and healthy volunteers. Fifteen had a precourse assessment, and 12 completed the postcourse assessment. Before the course, 3/15 (20%) identified the appendix, while 10/12 (83%) identified the appendix afterward. After the course, participants perceived finding the appendix easier than before. There was no statistically significant difference in the participants\' perceived confidence in detecting the appendix.
CONCLUSIONS: With the described scanning technique, most of the participants were able to identify the normal appendix after receiving short hands-on training. This highlights the importance of targeted training of radiology trainees and nonradiologists.

Dietrich\'s disease, also known as Mauclaire\'s disease, is a rare condition characterized by avascular necrosis of the metacarpal heads, predominantly affecting adolescents. This case report aims to elucidate the diagnostic process and management of Dietrich\'s disease in adolescents. A 15-year-old male adolescent presented with left ring finger metacarpophalangeal joint pain and restricted range of motion following a remote history of sports-related trauma. Clinical examination revealed tenderness and limited flexion at the affected joint. Radiographic evaluation demonstrated characteristic features of Dietrich\'s disease, including lucency and loss of height in the fourth metacarpal head and volar subluxation of the ring finger. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) confirmed the diagnosis, revealing flattening of the metacarpal head, subchondral marrow edema, and joint effusion consistent with avascular necrosis. The pathogenesis of Dietrich\'s disease remains incompletely understood, likely involving acquired deficits in arteriolar blood supply. Radiographic and MRI findings aid in diagnosis, distinguishing it from other conditions such as chondroblastoma and osteomyelitis. Treatment options range from conservative management to surgical interventions, depending on the severity of symptoms. Dietrich\'s disease, though rare, should be considered in adolescents presenting with metacarpal pain and predisposing factors such as trauma or steroid use. Recognition of characteristic imaging features is essential for accurate diagnosis and appropriate management in adolescent populations. This case highlights the importance of early detection and multidisciplinary management in adolescents with Dietrich\'s disease to optimize outcomes and preserve hand function.

BACKGROUND: Developmental disorders of the gastrointestinal tract comprise a broad spectrum of congenital malformations of different etiologies and locations from the mouth to the anus.
METHODS: The authors present the most important malformations of the gastrointestinal tract on the basis of basic and current reviews.
RESULTS: Gastrointestinal developmental disorders occur both sporadically and in connection with malformation syndromes. Symptoms are highly variable and range from postnatal emergencies to asymptomatic abnormalities, which may be incidental radiological findings. Prenatal ultrasound examinations can often identify gastrointestinal developmental disorders at an early stage. Here, fetal magnetic resonance imaging can be a useful addition to the diagnostic process. In the first few days of life, simple X‑ray overview images, supplemented by images after the administration of contrast medium, are often sufficient.
CONCLUSIONS: Many patients with a malformation of the gastrointestinal tract require lifelong medical care, so that not only pediatric radiologists need specific knowledge about this group of diseases.
UNASSIGNED: HINTERGRUND: Die Entwicklungsstörungen des Gastrointestinaltrakts umfassen ein breites Spektrum von anlagebedingten Fehlbildungen unterschiedlicher Ätiologie und Lokalisationen von oral bis anal.
METHODS: Es werden die wichtigsten Fehlbildungen des Gastrointestinaltrakts anhand von Grundlagen- und aktuellen Übersichtsarbeiten vorgestellt.
UNASSIGNED: Gastrointestinale Entwicklungsstörungen treten sowohl sporadisch als auch in Zusammenhang mit Fehlbildungssyndromen auf. Die Symptomatik ist stark variabel und reicht vom postnatalen Notfall bis zur asymptomatischen Anlagestörung, die radiologische Zufallsbefunde sein können. Pränatale Ultraschalluntersuchungen können gastrointestinale Entwicklungsstörungen oft frühzeitig identifizieren. Hier kann die fetale Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) eine sinnvolle Ergänzung in der Diagnostik sein. In den ersten Lebenstagen sind einfache Röntgenübersichtsaufnahmen, ergänzt um Darstellungen nach Gabe von Kontrastmittel, häufig ausreichend.
UNASSIGNED: Viele Patienten mit einer Fehlbildung des Gastrointestinaltrakts brauchen zeitlebens eine medizinische Betreuung, so dass nicht nur Kinderradiologen ein spezifisches Wissen um diese Gruppe von Erkrankungen benötigen.