■在理解残奥会运动中的兴奋剂方面投入了有限的努力。存在的有限证据表明,影响阳伞运动中兴奋剂的因素与奥林匹克运动相似。然而,基于先前研究的设计和性质,方法主要限于定性数据和患病率数字,需要进一步的研究来扩展以前的发现.
■根据残奥会和奥林匹克运动的最新证据,我们旨在调查(1)准运动员对违反反兴奋剂规则(ADRV)的看法及其责任,(2)在帕斯波特中使用兴奋剂的描述性规范(3)对反兴奋剂教育的认识和反兴奋剂当局的合法性,(4)使用定量调查方法对教练参与兴奋剂预防和兴奋剂对抗效能水平进行调查。
■总共,来自四个国家(德国,奥地利,瑞士,英国)进行了反兴奋剂经验分析,描述性规范,反兴奋剂教育,感知的合法性,知识,和兴奋剂对抗功效(仅限教练)。无论是运动员还是教练,教育水平总体良好,兴奋剂意愿较低。分类作弊被认为是一种兴奋剂,对运动员和教练来说似乎是一个重要问题,尤其是在英国样本中。对于33.3%的运动员来说,兴奋剂控制是他们第一次反兴奋剂的经验。与奥林匹克教练样本相比,教练参与兴奋剂预防活动及其应对兴奋剂相关问题的感知功效似乎更高。
■残奥会运动中的体育组织/NADO可以与奥林匹克运动中的那些组织发挥协同作用,采取类似的方法进行反兴奋剂教育,还注重兴奋剂流行率数字和检测数字的平衡沟通。应坚持确保运动员在接受测试之前接受反兴奋剂教育的努力。似乎在para运动中,与健壮的教练不同,反兴奋剂组织不必说服教练他们的角色(即,负责反兴奋剂教育),但可以直接建立在这些资源上。总的来说,似乎在俯卧撑运动和健全运动之间几乎没有区别,因此负责任的组织可以使用奥林匹克运动中的现有计划,并且只适应特殊内容(例如,提升),这是残奥会运动员独有的。
UNASSIGNED: Limited effort has been invested in understanding doping in Paralympic sport. The limited evidence that exists suggests that factors influencing doping in parasport are similar to Olympic sport. However, based on the design and nature of the previous studies, where methods have been mostly limited to qualitative data and prevalence numbers, further research is warranted to extend previous findings.
UNASSIGNED: Informed by current evidence from Paralympic and Olympic sport, we aimed to investigate (1) para-athletes\' perceptions of Anti-Doping Rule Violations (ADRVs) and responsibility for them, (2) descriptive norms for doping in parasport (3) perceptions of anti-doping education and legitimacy of anti-doping authorities, and (4) coach engagement in doping prevention and levels of doping confrontation efficacy using a quantitative survey approach.
UNASSIGNED: In total, valid survey responses from 126 Paralympic athletes and 35 coaches from four countries (Germany, Austria, Switzerland, UK) were analysed for experience with anti-doping, descriptive norms, anti-doping education, perceived legitimacy, knowledge, and doping confrontation efficacy (coaches only). Across both athletes and coaches, the level of education was generally good and doping willingness was low. Classification cheating was considered a form of doping and seems to be an important issue for athletes and coaches, especially within the UK sample. For 33.3% of the athletes, doping control was their first experience with anti-doping. Coaches\' engagement with doping prevention activities and their perceived efficacy to confront doping-related matters appears to be higher compared to Olympic coaches\' samples.
UNASSIGNED: Sport organisations/NADOs in Paralympic sport could use synergies with those organisations in Olympic sport, adopting similar approaches to anti-doping education, also focusing on a balanced communication of doping prevalence numbers and testing figures. Efforts to ensure athletes are educated about anti-doping before they are tested should be upheld. It seems that in para sport, different compared to able-bodied coaches, anti-doping organizations do not have to convince the coaches about their roles (i.e., being responsible for anti-doping education) anymore but can directly build on these resources. Overall, it seems that there are few differences between parasport and able-bodied sports and thus responsible organisations could use the existing programmes in Olympic sport and only adapt special content (e.g., boosting) which is unique to Paralympic athletes.