Papilio蝴蝶中的Pupal颜色多表型,包括绿色,中间,或棕色,是理解表型可塑性的优秀研究系统。先前的研究表明,棕色p的发育可能受一种称为p-角质层-黑化激素(PCMH)的激素控制,该激素由脑-食道下神经节和前胸神经节复合物(Br-SG-TG1)合成和分泌。-p期。然而,pu颜色发育中神经内分泌调节的详细分子机制仍然未知。在这项研究中,我们整合了pre前阶段[肠道净化后2小时(T1)和身体周围形成吊袜带后3小时(T2)]和色素沉着阶段[蜕皮后10小时(T3)和24小时后(T4)]的转录组和蛋白质组的表达谱,以鉴定燕尾蝴蝶Papilioxuu中绿色和棕色the发育的重要基因和途径。绿色和棕色条件下每个发育阶段和每个组织的组合比较,共鉴定出1042个差异表达基因(DEGs)和430个不同丰度蛋白(DAPs)。加权基因共表达网络分析(WGCNA)和富集分析表明,这些DEGs主要与氧化还原反应有关,角质层的结构成分,和颜料结合。通过Mfuzz和富集分析的软聚类表明,这些DAP主要参与酪氨酸代谢,昆虫激素生物合成,和黑色素生成。通过同源比对,我们进一步鉴定了编码神经肽的基因(51),GPCRs(116),G蛋白(8),角质蛋白(226),几丁质酶(16),和几丁质脱乙酰酶(8)在P。xuthus的整个基因组中,并分析了它们的表达谱。虽然我们没有发现符合PCMH假设表达谱的基因,我们发现神经肽级联中的一些基因在两种p色条件下表现出差异表达。我们还发现Toll信号通路基因,幼体激素(JH)相关基因,多种角质蛋白在pu前-p转换过程中在选择性p颜色的形成中起重要作用。我们的数据还表明,绿色和棕色的the都包含复杂的色素系统,这些色素系统受涉及黑色的基因调节。蓝色,和黄色颜料。我们的结果为燕尾蝴蝶中p保护性颜色的演变提供了重要见解。
Pupal color polyphenism in Papilio butterflies, including green, intermediate, or brown, is an excellent study system for understanding phenotypic plasticity. Previous studies suggested that development of brown pupae may be controlled by a hormone called pupal-cuticle-melanizing-hormone (PCMH) which is synthesized and secreted from brain-suboesophageal ganglion and prothoracic ganglion complexes (Br-SG-TG1) during the pre-pupa stage. However, detailed molecular mechanisms of neuroendocrine regulation in pupal color development remain unknown. In this study, we integrated the expression profiles of transcriptome and proteome at pre-pupa stages [2 h after gut purge (T1) and 3 h after forming the garter around the body (T2)] and pigmentation stages [10 h after ecdysis (T3) and 24 h after ecdysis (T4)] to identify important genes and pathways underlying the development of green and brown pupa in the swallowtail butterfly Papilio xuthus. Combined comparisons of each developmental stage and each tissue under green and brown conditions, a total of 1042 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 430 different abundance proteins (DAPs) were identified. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and enrichment analysis indicate that these DEGs were mainly related to oxidation-reduction, structural constituent of cuticle, and pigment binding. Soft clustering by Mfuzz and enrichment analysis indicate that these DAPs are mainly involved in tyrosine metabolism, insect hormone biosynthesis, and melanogenesis. By homologous alignment, we further identified those genes encoding neuropeptides (51), GPCRs (116), G-proteins (8), cuticular proteins (226), chitinases (16), and chitin deacetylases (8) in the whole genome of P. xuthus and analyzed their expression profiles. Although we identified no gene satisfying with hypothesized expression profile of PCMH, we found some genes in the neuropeptide cascade showed differentially expressed under two pupal color conditions. We also found that Toll signaling pathway genes, juvenile hormone (JH) related genes, and multiple cuticular proteins play important roles in the formation of selective pupal colors during the prepupal-pupal transition. Our data also suggest that both green and brown pupa include complex pigment system that is regulated by genes involved in black, blue, and yellow pigments. Our results provide important insights into the evolution of pupal protective colors among swallowtail butterflies.