章鱼胺,去甲肾上腺素的功能类似物,调节无脊椎动物的许多不同行为和生理过程。在中枢神经系统中,一些章鱼胺能神经元投射在整个大脑中,并支配几乎所有的神经痛。昆虫记忆形成的中心,蘑菇的身体,到目前为止,在所有调查的昆虫中接受八胺能神经支配。不同的章鱼胺受体,增加或减少细胞中的cAMP或钙水平,位于凯尼恩细胞中,进一步支持章鱼胺在蘑菇体内的释放。此外,不同的蘑菇体(MB)输出神经元,投射神经元,多巴胺能PAM细胞是八胺能神经元的靶标,在不同的神经部位实现学习电路的调制。几年来,理论坚持认为章鱼胺介导奖励刺激,而多巴胺(DA)代表厌恶刺激。发现食欲和厌恶学习都需要DA,这一简单的图片受到了挑战。此外,章鱼胺也参与厌恶学习,这些生物胺之间相当复杂的相互作用似乎调节学习和记忆。本文综述了章鱼胺在MB功能中的作用。重点介绍生物胺在学习和记忆中的解剖学原理和作用。
Octopamine, the functional analog of noradrenaline, modulates many different behaviors and physiological processes in invertebrates. In the central nervous system, a few octopaminergic neurons project throughout the brain and innervate almost all neuropils. The center of memory formation in insects, the mushroom bodies, receive octopaminergic innervations in all insects investigated so far. Different
octopamine receptors, either increasing or decreasing cAMP or calcium levels in the cell, are localized in Kenyon cells, further supporting the release of
octopamine in the mushroom bodies. In addition, different mushroom body (MB) output neurons, projection neurons, and dopaminergic PAM cells are targets of octopaminergic neurons, enabling the modulation of learning circuits at different neural sites. For some years, the theory persisted that
octopamine mediates rewarding stimuli, whereas dopamine (DA) represents aversive stimuli. This simple picture has been challenged by the finding that DA is required for both appetitive and aversive learning. Furthermore,
octopamine is also involved in aversive learning and a rather complex interaction between these biogenic amines seems to modulate learning and memory. This review summarizes the role of octopamine in MB function, focusing on the anatomical principles and the role of the biogenic amine in learning and memory.