To estimate the prevalence of neuropsychiatric disorders, including autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression, anxiety disorders, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), in populations with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD).
MEDLINE (via PubMed), Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library from inception to November 2021.
Observational studies of individuals with DMD or BMD that estimated the prevalence of ASDs, ADHD, depression, anxiety disorders, and OCD in each population.
A random-effects meta-analysis was performed on each outcome and each population (ie, DMD, BMD).
Twenty-three studies were included in the meta-analysis. In DMD, there was a prevalence of 7.0% of ASDs, 18.0% of ADHD, 11.0% of depression, 24.0% of anxiety disorders, and 12.0% of OCD. Furthermore, in BMD, there was a prevalence of 6.0% of ASDs, 28.0% of ADHD, 7.0% of depression, 25.0% of anxiety disorders, and 7.0% of OCD.
The prevalence of these neuropsychiatric disorders is higher among patients with DMD or BMD than among the general population, and the presence of these disorders may negatively influence optimal medical management.

We studied the effects of GABA derivatives on anxious and compulsive behavior of progeny of rats with experimental preeclampsia provoked by replacement of drinking water for 1.8% NaCl solution from the first day of pregnancy to delivery. In comparison with progeny of health rats, the offspring of dams with complicated pregnancy demonstrated high level of anxiety and the development of obsessive-compulsive disorder both at the early (40 and 70 days) and late (6 and 12 months) stages of ontogeny. GABA derivatives succicard, salifen, and phenibut reduced symptoms of experimental preeclampsia in offspring of various age by decreasing the level of anxiety and reducing compulsive behavior. The efficacy of the examined derivatives was similar to that of the reference drug Pantogam.

BACKGROUND: in Belgium 70 % of the children aged 0 - 14 years have at least one annual contact with their family doctor, while for the same period, only 6 - 12 % of them will see a neuropaediatrician and/or a child psychiatrist, despite the fact that a diagnostic of Externalizing behavior before the age of 6 to 7 years, such as various ways of aggressiveness, of anger or of stealing will very often alert the family, the staff of creches or nursery as well as the teachers. Other children are showing signs of Internalizing behavior, very often together with depression or other forms of anxiety.
OBJECTIVE: considering the role and the skills of the family doctor, the target is to propose a clinical approach adapted to the first line practitioner having to face the majority of complaints about the behaviour of a child younger than 10 years.
METHODS: bibliographic research. The research equations were used on the data base TRIP DATA BASE, Cochrane Library, PUBMED and Google Scholar (EN/FR), searching, bare exception, the literature of the last five years. Moreover, the sites of the Haute Autorité Française (HAS), Société Scientifique de Médecine Générale (SSMG), Centre d\'Expertise en Soins de Santé (KCE), Institut Scientifique en Santé Publique (ISSP) and of the DSM V (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) were consulted too.
RESULTS: the age of the child, his social and family environment will guide the family doctor and in the majority of cases, he will be able to reassure the family. Moreover, when in front of any problem within the family life it should be advisable to inquire about the health of the children in question, especially from a behavioural point of view. To the opposite, when a child is showing TEC or TIC, it is important to inquire about circumstances in his environment that might potentially be at the origin of (or contributing to) the troubles.
CONCLUSIONS: the challenge the family doctor is facing is to be able in a consultation of 15-30 minutes to make the difference between serious and less serious behaviour troubles of the child. We are suggesting a first approach to a tool that would allow the front-line doctors to make an evaluation. More developed evaluation scales to be used by the family doctor will be the subject matter of future research work.
Contexte : en Belgique, 70 % des enfants de 0 à 14 ans ont au moins un contact annuel avec leur médecin de famille, alors que pour la même période, 6 à 12 % d’entre eux, consultent un neuropédiatre et/ou un pédopsychiatre. Or avant l’âge de 6 à 7 ans, le diagnostic de troubles comportementaux externalisés (TEC), telles les diverses expressions d’agressivité, de colère ou de vol, alarment souvent les familles, le personnel des crèches et garderies ou encore les instituteurs(trices). D’autres enfants manifesteront des troubles comportementaux internalisés (TIC) souvent associés à la dépression ou aux différentes formes d’anxiété. Objectifs : tenant compte des rôles et compétences du médecin de famille, l’objectif est de proposer une démarche clinique qui se veut adaptée à la pratique de première ligne devant la majorité des plaintes intéressant le comportement d’un enfant de moins de 10 ans. Méthodologie : recherche bibliographique. Les équations de recherches ont été utilisées pour les bases de données TRIP DATA BASE, Cochrane Library, PUBMED et Google Scholar (EN/FR) en recherchant, sauf exception, la littérature des cinq dernières années. Par ailleurs les sites de la Haute Autorité Française (HAS), Société Scientifique de Médecine Générale (SSMG), du Centre d’Expertise en Soins de Santé (KCE), de l’Institut Scientifique en Santé publique (ISSP) et du DSM V (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders), ont également été consultés. Résultats : l’âge de l’enfant, son environnement social et familial permettent de guider le généraliste dans sa démarche et dans la majorité des cas, il pourra rassurer les familles. Par ailleurs, devant toutes difficultés de parcours familial, il faudrait s’enquérir de la santé des enfants concernés et notamment d’un point de vue comportemental. A l’inverse lorsqu’un enfant démontre des TEC ou des TIC, il importe de rechercher les circonstances environnementales potentiellement en cause.
CONCLUSIONS: le défi pour le médecin généraliste, est de pouvoir en 15 à 30 minutes par consultation, discerner les troubles sérieux du comportement de l’enfant, de ceux qui ne le sont pas. Il est proposé une ébauche d’outil d’évaluation utilisable en 1ère ligne. De vraies échelles d’évaluation validées pour la pratique de médecine générale devraient être l’objet de travaux ultérieurs.