Nutrient transporters

  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    转基因(GM)技术的进步在提高养分利用率方面产生了巨大的兴趣,最大化营养吸收,在追求可持续农业的过程中保护土壤。不幸的是,人们对最近在应用转基因策略来加强这些领域的进展知之甚少。这篇综述探讨了旨在支持土壤保护的最新转基因战略,最大限度地吸收营养,提高农业养分利用率,强调土壤健康和养分管理在可持续农业中发挥的关键作用。充分讨论了转基因策略,例如通过增强根系和增加养分运输机制来提高养分吸收效率。这项研究表明,解决潜在的障碍,比如道德和监管方面的问题,是长期可持续应用转基因技术来提高农业产量的必要条件。
    Advances in genetic modification (GM) techniques have generated huge interest in improving nutrient utilization, maximizing nutrient uptake, and conserving soil in the pursuit of sustainable agriculture. Unfortunately, little is still known about the recent advancements in the application of GM tactics to enhance each of these areas. This review explores the latest GM strategies intended to support soil conservation, maximize nutrient uptake, and improve nutrient utilization in farming, highlighting the critical roles that soil health and nutrient management play in sustainable farming. GM strategies such as improving the efficiency of nutrient uptake through enhanced root systems and increased nutrient transport mechanisms are well discussed. This study suggests that addressing potential obstacles, such as ethical and regulatory concerns, is a necessity for long-term sustainability applications of GM technologies to raise agricultural yields.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞(TIL)和嵌合抗原受体(CAR)T细胞在治疗复发性/难治性黑色素瘤和血液恶性肿瘤方面取得了显着成功。分别。这些治疗方法标志着癌症管理的关键转变。然而,作为“生活药物”,“它们的有效性取决于它们在患者体内增殖和持续的能力。最近的研究表明,调节这些关键功能的机制,以及T细胞的分化状态,是由代谢变化和代谢途径的不同利用决定的。这些代谢变化,受营养素可用性以及代谢物转运蛋白的细胞表面表达的影响,与信号通路和细胞的表观遗传景观相结合,调节转录,翻译,和翻译后的配置文件。在这次审查中,我们讨论了活化T细胞代谢重塑的过程,肿瘤代谢环境对T细胞功能的影响,以及潜在的基于代谢的策略来增强T细胞免疫疗法。
    Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have demonstrated remarkable success in the treatment of relapsed/refractory melanoma and hematological malignancies, respectively. These treatments have marked a pivotal shift in cancer management. However, as \"living drugs,\" their effectiveness is dependent on their ability to proliferate and persist in patients. Recent studies indicate that the mechanisms regulating these crucial functions, as well as the T cell\'s differentiation state, are conditioned by metabolic shifts and the distinct utilization of metabolic pathways. These metabolic shifts, conditioned by nutrient availability as well as cell surface expression of metabolite transporters, are coupled to signaling pathways and the epigenetic landscape of the cell, modulating transcriptional, translational, and post-translational profiles. In this review, we discuss the processes underlying the metabolic remodeling of activated T cells, the impact of a tumor metabolic environment on T cell function, and potential metabolic-based strategies to enhance T cell immunotherapy.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    癌细胞中的有氧糖酵解,最初是在100年前由Warburg观测到的,这涉及乳酸的生产作为葡萄糖分解的最终产物,即使在充足的氧气存在下,是目前对癌细胞特异性代谢途径重编程的兴趣的基础。对癌细胞代谢的新兴趣现在已经远远超出了与糖酵解相关的原始Warburg效应,包括氨基酸代谢在内的其他代谢途径。一碳代谢,磷酸戊糖途径,核苷酸合成,抗氧化机械,等。由于葡萄糖和氨基酸构成了促进癌细胞代谢途径改变的主要营养素,介导这些营养素及其代谢物不仅跨质膜而且跨线粒体和溶酶体膜转移的转运蛋白已成为Warburg效应扩展的组成部分。在这次审查中,我们专注于这些转运蛋白和促进代谢重编程的代谢途径之间的相互作用,这已经成为癌细胞的标志。最近对围绕Warburg效应的独特代谢特征的理解的有益结果是鉴定了用于开发新一代治疗癌症的疗法的新型药物靶标。
    Aerobic glycolysis in cancer cells, originally observed by Warburg 100 years ago, which involves the production of lactate as the end product of glucose breakdown even in the presence of adequate oxygen, is the foundation for the current interest in the cancer-cell-specific reprograming of metabolic pathways. The renewed interest in cancer cell metabolism has now gone well beyond the original Warburg effect related to glycolysis to other metabolic pathways that include amino acid metabolism, one-carbon metabolism, the pentose phosphate pathway, nucleotide synthesis, antioxidant machinery, etc. Since glucose and amino acids constitute the primary nutrients that fuel the altered metabolic pathways in cancer cells, the transporters that mediate the transfer of these nutrients and their metabolites not only across the plasma membrane but also across the mitochondrial and lysosomal membranes have become an integral component of the expansion of the Warburg effect. In this review, we focus on the interplay between these transporters and metabolic pathways that facilitates metabolic reprogramming, which has become a hallmark of cancer cells. The beneficial outcome of this recent understanding of the unique metabolic signature surrounding the Warburg effect is the identification of novel drug targets for the development of a new generation of therapeutics to treat cancer.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    进行了两个实验以确定Ca的影响,植酸酶,采样时间,和年龄对Ca和P的消化率(AID)及其转运蛋白表达的影响。在每个实验中使用Cobb500雄性小鸡(N=600),并将其分配给具有10(Exp1、8-11d)或5(Exp2、21-24d)鸟类/笼子和10(Exp1)或20(Exp2)代表/处理的笼子。处理是2×3阶乘排列,具有低(低)或标准(STD)Ca水平和3植酸酶(PHY)水平(0、300或3,000FYT/kg)。在8、12、24、48和72小时收集回肠消化物,和空肠组织在开始饲喂实验饮食后的12、48和72小时。在实验1中,Ca或植酸酶在8、12或24h对Ca的AID没有影响。植酸酶在所有时间点都增加了P的AID(P<0.05),大小受Ca的影响。在12小时,P(NaPi-IIb)和Ca(CaSR)转运蛋白的mRNA水平在不含植酸酶的低饮食中最高(Ca×PHY,P≤0.06)。在实验2中,STD日粮在8、24、48或72h时降低了Ca和P的AID(P<0.05)。植酸酶在8、12和24h时增加了Ca的AID(P<0.05)。并降低了Ca的AID(二次,STD饮食(48h)中的P<0.05)。在所有采样时间,P的AID(P<0.05)随植酸酶的增加而增加。在48小时,3,000FYT/kg降低(P<0.05)STD饮食中NaPi-IIb和Ca转运体ATP2B1的mRNA表达(Ca×PHY,P<0.05)。总之,为了避免肉鸡对钙和磷缺乏的适应,实验饮食的最佳时间对于年轻的肉鸡≤48小时,对于年龄较大的鸟类≤24小时,这是由于Ca和P转运蛋白的上调或下调对饮食Ca的反应,P,和植酸酶。
    Two experiments were conducted to determine the impact of Ca, phytase, sampling time, and age on the digestibility (AID) of Ca and P and the expression of their transporters. Cobb 500 male chicks (N = 600) were used in each experiment and allocated to cages with 10 (Exp 1, 8-11 d) or 5 (Exp 2, 21-24 d) birds/cage and 10 (Exp 1) or 20 (Exp 2) reps/treatment. Treatments were a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement, with low (LOW) or standard (STD) Ca level and 3 phytase (PHY) levels (0, 300, or 3,000 FYT/kg). Ileal digesta were collected at 8, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h, and jejunum tissues at 12, 48, and 72 h after the start of feeding experimental diets. In Exp 1, there was no effect of Ca or phytase on the AID of Ca at 8, 12, or 24 h. Phytase increased the AID of P (P < 0.05) at all time points, and the magnitude was influenced by Ca. At 12 h, the mRNA level of P (NaPi-IIb) and Ca (CaSR) transporters was greatest in the LOW diets without phytase (Ca × PHY, P ≤ 0.06). In Exp 2, the STD diet decreased the AID of Ca and P (P < 0.05) at 8, 24, 48, or 72 h. Phytase increased the AID of Ca (P < 0.05) at 8, 12, and 24 h, and decreased the AID of Ca (quadratic, P < 0.05) in the STD diet (48 h). The AID of P (P < 0.05) increased with phytase at all sampling times. At 48 h, 3,000 FYT/kg decreased (P < 0.05) mRNA expression of NaPi-IIb and Ca transporter ATP2B1 in the STD diet (Ca × PHY, P < 0.05). In conclusion, to avoid adaptation of broilers to Ca and P deficiencies, the optimal time on experimental diets is ≤ 48 h for young broilers and ≤ 24 h in older birds due to up- or down-regulation of Ca and P transporters in response to dietary Ca, P, and phytase.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    铬补充剂因其潜在的健康益处而受到广泛认可。特别是在增强胰岛素敏感性和控制葡萄糖代谢方面。然而,最近的研究已经开始阐明铬的其他作用机制,扩大我们的理解,超越其对胰岛素信号通路的经典影响。线粒体ATP合酶的β亚基被认为是Cr(III)作用的新位点,影响除胰岛素信号外的生理效应。补充铬的生理效应已被广泛研究,特别是其在抗氧化功效和葡萄糖代谢中的作用。然而,最近的进展促使人们重新评估铬在胰岛素信号通路之外的作用机制。讨论了线粒体ATP合酶的β亚基作为铬作用的潜在靶标的发现,强调其在细胞能量产生和代谢调节中的关键作用。对早期进行的相关研究的细致分析可以揭示补充铬与线粒体ATP合酶之间的关系。这篇综述根据主要调查对研究进行了分类,包括肌肉蛋白质合成等领域,葡萄糖和脂质代谢,和抗氧化性能。仔细研究这些研究的结果,以区分与新假设一致的模式。这种探索的核心是强调超出胰岛素信号通路的铬的生理效应的研究。评估铬影响细胞能量代谢和整体代谢平衡的各种独立作用机制变得更加重要。总之,这篇综述是理解铬补充的范式转变,为利用铬和线粒体ATP合酶之间复杂相互作用的未来研究铺平了道路。
    Chromium supplementation has been notably recognized for its potential health benefits, especially in enhancing insulin sensitivity and managing glucose metabolism. However, recent studies have begun to shed light on additional mechanisms of action for chromium, expanding our understanding beyond its classical effects on the insulin-signaling pathway. The beta subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase is considered a novel site for Cr(III) action, influencing physiological effects apart from insulin signaling. The physiological effects of chromium supplementation have been extensively studied, particularly in its role in anti-oxidative efficacy and glucose metabolism. However, recent advancements have prompted a re-evaluation of chromium\'s mechanisms of action beyond the insulin signaling pathway. The discovery of the beta subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase as a potential target for chromium action is discussed, emphasizing its crucial role in cellular energy production and metabolic regulation. A meticulous analysis of relevant studies that were earlier carried out could shed light on the relationship between chromium supplementation and mitochondrial ATP synthase. This review categorizes studies based on their primary investigations, encompassing areas such as muscle protein synthesis, glucose and lipid metabolism, and antioxidant properties. Findings from these studies are scrutinized to distinguish patterns aligning with the new hypothesis. Central to this exploration is the presentation of studies highlighting the physiological effects of chromium that extend beyond the insulin signaling pathway. Evaluating the various independent mechanisms of action that chromium impacts cellular energy metabolism and overall metabolic balance has become more important. In conclusion, this review is a paradigm shift in understanding chromium supplementation, paving the way for future investigations that leverage the intricate interplay between chromium and mitochondrial ATP synthase.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    胃基因表达的餐后动力学(几丁质酶,胃蛋白酶原)和肠(碱性磷酸酶,麦芽糖酶)消化酶和营养转运蛋白(肽转运蛋白1,钠-葡萄糖转运蛋白1),刷缘膜(BBM)酶活性(碱性磷酸酶,亮氨酸氨基肽酶,麦芽糖酶,糖化酶)和血液生物化学(甘油三酯,胆固醇,蛋白质,白蛋白,葡萄糖,氨基酸)通过核磁共振波谱,在食用商业水产饲料的虹鳟鱼(Oncorhynchusmykiss)中进行了调查。为此,将鱼饥饿72小时,并在餐前和喂食后1.5、3、6、9、12和24小时(T0,T1.5,T3,T6,T9,T12和T24)采集消化道和血液。餐后动力学表明,参与消化和营养运输的基因的表达,BBM酶的活性,血液中代谢物的存在以不同的方式被消化道中饲料的存在所刺激。餐后3小时,大多数基因的表达达到峰值,除了远端肠中的胃蛋白酶原和麦芽糖酶分别在T9和T12达到峰值。BBM酶的活性根据肠道不同而受到不同的刺激。血浆蛋白水平从T1.5到T9升高,而其他血液参数在餐后期间无变化。这项研究提供了有关单餐生理效应的有用信息,作为计划涉及消化功能的营养研究的潜在工具。
    Postprandial kinetics of genes expression of gastric (chitinase, pepsinogen) and intestinal (alkaline phosphatase, maltase) digestive enzymes and nutrient transporters (peptide transporter 1, sodium-glucose transporter 1), Brush Border Membrane (BBM) enzymes activity (alkaline phosphatase, leucine aminopeptidase, maltase, saccharase) and blood biochemistry (triglycerides, cholesterol, protein, albumin, glucose, amino acids) through NMR spectroscopy, were investigated in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed a commercial aquafeed. For this purpose, fish were starved 72 h and digestive tract and blood were sampled before the meal and at 1.5, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 h after feeding (T0, T1.5, T3, T6, T9, T12 and T24). The postprandial kinetic showed that the expression of the genes involved in digestion and nutrient transport, the activity of BBM enzymes, and the presence of metabolites in blood were stimulated in different ways by the presence of feed in the digestive tract. The expression of most genes peaked 3 h after meal except gastric pepsinogen and maltase in distal intestine that peaked at T9 and T12, respectively. The activity of BBM enzymes were stimulated differently based on the intestine tract. The plasma proteins level increased from T1.5 until T9, while the other blood parameters unvariated during the postprandial period. This study supplied useful information about the physiological effects a single meal as a potential tool for planning nutritional studies involving the digestive functions.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    当前和未来对玉米和小麦等常见谷物的高需求鼓励了饲料加工技术的发展,该技术允许在家禽饲喂中饮食中包含其他营养价值低的谷物。大麦谷物含有抗营养因子,限制了其在家禽业中的饮食包容。用固态发酵和外源酶(FBE)处理大麦为普通谷物提供了很好的替代品。在这项研究中,使用植物乳杆菌对大麦谷物进行固态微生物发酵,枯草芽孢杆菌和外源纤维裂解酶。本研究旨在评估FBE对生长的影响,饲料利用效率,免疫调节,抗氧化状态与肠屏障和营养转运相关基因的表达。一天大的肉鸡(Ross308,n=400)包括四个代表性的组,有十个重复(10只小鸡/重复),并以0、5、10和15%的FBE含量饲喂玉米豆粕基础日粮38天。用纤维裂解酶对大麦谷物进行固态发酵可增加蛋白质含量,与非发酵大麦相比,粗纤维和糖含量降低。因此,饲喂FBEs10%的组具有优异的饲料利用效率和体重增加(增加4.7%),营养代谢水平更高,胰腺消化酶活性和低消化粘度。值得注意的是,FBEs10%的组显示绒毛高度增加,隐窝深度减少,十二指肠腺体异常活跃。此外,较高的FBE包涵体水平提高了血清免疫相关参数以及肠道和乳腺肌肉的抗氧化剂状态.肠营养转运蛋白编码基因(GLUT-1,CAAT-1,LAT1和PepT-1)和肠屏障编码基因(MUC-2,JAM-2,occludin,claudins-1和β-防御素1)随着较高的饮食FBE水平而上调。总之,饲喂FBEs10%正增强肉鸡的生产性能,饲料效率和抗氧化状态,增强肠道屏障营养转运蛋白编码基因。
    The present and future high demand of common cereals as corn and wheat encourage the development of feed processing technology that allows for the dietary inclusion of other cereals of low nutritional value in poultry feeding. Barley grains contain anti-nutritional factors that limit their dietary inclusion in the poultry industry. The treatment of barley with solid-state fermentation and exogenous enzymes (FBEs) provides a good alternative to common cereals. In this study, barley grains were subjected to solid-state microbial fermentation using Lactobacillus plantarum, Bacillus subtilis and exogenous fibrolytic enzymes. This study aimed to assess the impact of FBEs on growth, feed utilization efficiency, immune modulation, antioxidant status and the expression of intestinal barrier and nutrient transporter-related genes. One-day-old broiler chicks (Ross 308, n = 400) comprised four representative groups with ten replicates (10 chicks/replicate) and were fed corn-soybean meal basal diets with inclusions of FBEs at 0, 5, 10 and 15% for 38 days. Solid-state fermentation of barley grains with fibrolytic enzymes increased protein content, lowered crude fiber and reduced sugars compared to non-fermented barley gains. In consequence, the group fed FBEs10% had the superior feed utilization efficiency and body weight gain (increased by 4.7%) with higher levels of nutrient metabolizability, pancreatic digestive enzyme activities and low digesta viscosity. Notably, the group fed FBEs10% showed an increased villi height and a decreased crypt depth with a remarkable hyperactivity of duodenal glands. In addition, higher inclusion levels of FBEs boosted serum immune-related parameters and intestinal and breast muscle antioxidants status. Intestinal nutrient transporters encoding genes (GLUT-1, CAAT-1, LAT1 and PepT-1) and intestinal barriers encoding genes (MUC-2, JAM-2, occludin, claudins-1 and β-defensin 1) were upregulated with higher dietary FBEs levels. In conclusion, feeding on FBEs10% positively enhanced broiler chickens\' performance, feed efficiency and antioxidant status, and boosted intestinal barrier nutrient transporters encoding genes.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    胎盘是母亲和胎儿之间的看门人。在怀孕的头三个月,胎儿由子宫腺分泌物滋养,这一过程被称为组织营养营养。在怀孕的第二个三个月,胎盘形成已经发展到通过母体血液将营养物质输送到胎盘的程度(血液营养)。在妊娠期间,胎盘必须适应这些可变的营养供应,母体生理和血流的改变,以及胎儿生长速度的动态变化。关于将营养物质运输到胎儿的机制以及该过程的母体和胎儿决定因素,仍然存在许多问题。越来越多的数据凸显了胎盘调节这一过程的能力。随着新技术和组学方法被用来研究母胎界面,更深入地了解这个独特的器官及其对胎儿发育和长期健康的影响。
    The placenta is the gatekeeper between the mother and the fetus. Over the first trimester of pregnancy, the fetus is nourished by uterine gland secretions in a process known as histiotrophic nutrition. During the second trimester of pregnancy, placentation has evolved to the point at which nutrients are delivered to the placenta via maternal blood (hemotrophic nutrition). Over gestation, the placenta must adapt to these variable nutrient supplies, to alterations in maternal physiology and blood flow, and to dynamic changes in fetal growth rates. Numerous questions remain about the mechanisms used to transport nutrients to the fetus and the maternal and fetal determinants of this process. Growing data highlight the ability of the placenta to regulate this process. As new technologies and omics approaches are utilized to study this maternofetal interface, greater insight into this unique organ and its impact on fetal development and long-term health has been obtained.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)是妊娠最常见的病理生理状态,在许多情况下产生巨大胎儿,需要增加胎盘中的营养转运。我们小组最近的研究表明,瘦素是胎盘生理学中的关键激素,其表达在受GDM影响的胎盘中增加。然而,瘦素对胎盘营养转运的影响,例如葡萄糖的运输,氨基酸,和脂质,没有完全理解。因此,我们旨在回顾有关胎盘营养转运中的瘦素效应以及胎盘转运蛋白表达中的瘦素信号通路激活的文献,这可能有助于人类妊娠并发GDM的胎盘营养转运增加。瘦素似乎是调节胎盘运输的相关关键激素,这种调节在妊娠糖尿病等病理生理条件下会发生改变。胎盘运输葡萄糖能力的适应,氨基酸,当母体营养和激素水平由于母体营养或代谢疾病的变化而改变时,脂质可能是胎儿生长不足或过度生长的基础。在宫内生长受限和胎儿过度生长的情况下,实施调节胎盘运输的新策略可以改善产妇健康,并证明可以有效地使胎儿生长正常化。然而,需要进一步的研究来证实这一假设。
    Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the most frequent pathophysiological state of pregnancy, which in many cases produces fetuses with macrosomia, requiring increased nutrient transport in the placenta. Recent studies by our group have demonstrated that leptin is a key hormone in placental physiology, and its expression is increased in placentas affected by GDM. However, the effect of leptin on placental nutrient transport, such as transport of glucose, amino acids, and lipids, is not fully understood. Thus, we aimed to review literature on the leptin effect involved in placental nutrient transport as well as activated leptin signaling pathways involved in the expression of placental transporters, which may contribute to an increase in placental nutrient transport in human pregnancies complicated by GDM. Leptin appears to be a relevant key hormone that regulates placental transport, and this regulation is altered in pathophysiological conditions such as gestational diabetes. Adaptations in the placental capacity to transport glucose, amino acids, and lipids may underlie both under- or overgrowth of the fetus when maternal nutrient and hormone levels are altered due to changes in maternal nutrition or metabolic disease. Implementing new strategies to modulate placental transport may improve maternal health and prove effective in normalizing fetal growth in cases of intrauterine growth restriction and fetal overgrowth. However, further studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    背景:胃肠道健康对于保持健康的生活方式至关重要。改善营养吸收和能量代谢是肠道健康的关键目标。本研究旨在确定不同硼(B)衍生物对养分消化率的影响,肠道营养转运蛋白,和大鼠的脂质代谢。
    方法:将21只大鼠分为以下三组(n=7):(i)对照,(ii)五水合五硼酸钠(SPP),和(iii)硼酸(BA)。对大鼠饲喂食物饮食(AIN-93M),并每隔一天通过口服管饲法补充8mg/kg来自SPP的元素B(45.2mg/kgBW)和BA(42.7mg/kgBW),持续12周。用不消化指示剂(氧化铬,Cr2O3,0.20%)。实验结束时,动物被颈椎脱位和空肠斩首,并从每只动物中采集肝脏样本。通过RT-PCR测定营养转运蛋白和脂质调节转录因子。
    结果:补充SPP和BA可提高养分消化率(灰分除外)(p<0.05)。SPP和补充BA的大鼠空肠葡萄糖转运蛋白1(GLUT1)较高,GLUT2,GLUT5,钠依赖性葡萄糖转运蛋白1(SGLT1),脂肪酸转运蛋白-1(FATP1),和FATP4mRNA表达水平与未补充的大鼠相比(p<0.0001)。补充BA的大鼠的过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(PPARγ)水平明显高于未补充的大鼠(p<0.0001)。相比之下,甾醇调节元件结合蛋白1c(SREBP-1c),肝脏X受体α(LxR-α),与其他组相比,补充SPP降低了脂肪酸合酶(FAS)水平(p<0.05)。
    结论:SPP和BA管理可提高养分消化率,肠道营养转运蛋白,和大鼠肝脏脂质代谢。
    BACKGROUND: Gastrointestinal health is essential for maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Improving nutrient absorption and energy metabolism are the critical targets for intestinal health. This study aimed to determine the effects of different boron (B) derivatives on nutrient digestibility, intestinal nutrient transporters, and lipid metabolism in rats.
    METHODS: Twenty-one rats were allocated to three groups (n = 7) as follows: (i) Control, (ii) Sodium pentaborate pentahydrate (SPP), and (iii) boric acid (BA). The rats were fed a chow diet (AIN-93M) and supplemented with 8 mg/kg elemental B from SPP (45.2 mg/kg BW) and BA (42.7 mg/kg BW) via oral gavage every other day for 12 weeks. The nutrient digestibility of rats in each group was measured using the indigestible indicator (chromium oxide, Cr2 O3, 0.20%). At the end of the experiment, animals were decapitated by cervical dislocation and jejunum, and liver samples were taken from each animal. The nutrient transporters and lipid-regulated transcription factors were determined by RT-PCR.
    RESULTS: The nutrient digestibility (except for ash) was increased by SPP and BA supplementation (p < 0.05). SPP and BA-supplemented rats had higher jejunal glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), GLUT2, GLUT5, sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1), fatty acid transport protein-1 (FATP1), and FATP4 mRNA expression levels compared to nonsupplemented rats (p < 0.0001). BA-supplemented rats had remarkably higher peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) levels than nonsupplemented rats (p < 0.0001). In contrast, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c), liver X receptor alpha (LxR-α), and fatty acid synthase (FAS) levels decreased by SPP supplementation compared to other groups (p < 0.05).
    CONCLUSIONS: SPP and BA administration enhanced nutrient digestibility, intestinal nutrient transporters, and liver lipid metabolism in rats.
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