Initially identified as a key regulator of female fertility in Arabidopsis, the FERONIA (FER) receptor kinase is now recognized as crucial for almost all aspects of plant growth and survival. FER partners with a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein of the LLG family to act as coreceptors on the cell surface. The FER-LLG coreceptor interacts with different RAPID ALKALINIZATION FACTOR (RALF) peptide ligands to function in various growth and developmental processes and to respond to challenges from the environment. The RALF-FER-LLG signaling modules interact with molecules in the cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus and mediate an interwoven signaling network. Multiple FER-LLG modules, each anchored by FER or a FER-related receptor kinase, have been studied, illustrating the functional diversity and the mechanistic complexity of the FER family signaling modules. The challenges going forward are to distill from this complexity the unifying schemes where possible and attain precision and refinement in the knowledge of critical details upon which future investigations can be built. By focusing on the extensively characterized FER, this review provides foundational information to guide the next phase of research on FER in model as well as crop species and potential applications for improving plant growth and resilience.

A group of DNA viruses called parvoviruses that have significant effects on cancer therapy and genetic engineering applications. After passing through the cell membrane to reach the cytosol, it moves along the microtubule toward the nuclear membrane. The nuclear localization signal (NLS) is recognized by importin-beta (impβ) and other proteins from the complex outside the nuclear membrane and binds to enter the nucleus via the nuclear pore complex (NPC). There are two main pathways for viruses to enter the nucleus. The classical pathway is through the interaction of imp α and impβ with NLS via NPC. The other is the NPC mediated by the combination of impβ and it. While the capsid is introduced into the nucleus through classical nuclear transduction, there is also a transient nuclear membrane dissolution leading to passive transport into the nucleus, which has been proposed in recent years. This article mainly discusses several nuclear entry pathways and related proteins, providing a reference for subsequent research on viral entry pathways.