Phytophagous insects differ in their degree of specialization to their host plants. It ranges from monophagous or oligophagous species that can only develop on a single host plant, or family of host plants, to extremely polyphagous species that can develop on plants from many distinct botanical families. The aim of this study was to compare the larval performance and adult preference of a highly generalist species, the Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni) and a highly specialist species, the breadfruit fruit fly (B. umbrosa) among several fruits covering both species\' host range. (i) larval performance was tested on 16 fruit species, and (ii) a female preference was tested on a subset of five fruit species. In addition, (iii) a field survey was carried out on 11 fruit species. B. umbrosa infested only Artocarpus fruits in the field. Accordingly, B. umbrosa larvae survived and developed only on fruits belonging to the Artocarpus genus. Female B. umbrosa did not lay their eggs on non-Artocarpus fruits, except Terminalia catappa. Female B. tryoni, on the other hand, made little selection between the fruits tested, and its larvae developed on 13 of the 16 fruit species tested. The larval performance of both species, adjusted when tested by female preference, predicted in large part the fruit infestation in the field. These data are essential to better estimate invasion risk where the species are not established.

New Caledonia is a French territory located in the South Pacific Ocean. The prevalence rate of end-stage renal disease is nearly 3,000 per million inhabitants, making it one of the highest prevalence rates in the world. Preventing chronic kidney disease is a major public health issue. This article presents prevalence rates of chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages 3-5 for New Caledonia defined by a glomerular filtration rate estimated below 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Estimation was assessed from data collected during two “Adult health barometer” surveys carried out in the general adult population. Therefore, our study assessed two prevalence rates: 7.8% [6.1; 10.1] and 5.3% [3.3; 8.5]. Those prevalence rates were two to four times higher than in mainland France which is consistent with the high prevalence rate of end stage renal disease treated in New Caledonia. Hence, CKD prevention is essential for New Caledonia.
La Nouvelle-Calédonie est une collectivité française dans l’océan Pacifique Sud. Le taux de prévalence de l’insuffisance rénale chronique terminale traitée s’élève à près de 3 000 par million d’habitants, soit un des taux de prévalence parmi les plus élevés au monde. Cet article présente pour la première fois les taux de prévalence de la maladie rénale chronique aux stades 3-5 pour la Nouvelle-Calédonie, définie par un débit de filtration glomérulaire estimé inférieur à 60 mL/min/1,73 m2. Ces résultats ont été estimés à partir des deux enquêtes « Baromètre santé adulte » en population générale adulte. Notre étude a estimé des taux de prévalence de 7,8 % [6,1 ; 10,1] et de 5,3 % [3,3 ; 8,5]. Le taux de prévalence de la maladie rénale chronique serait donc deux à quatre fois plus élevé qu’en France métropolitaine. La prévention de la maladie rénale chronique est primordiale pour la Nouvelle-Calédonie.

The loggerhead turtle Caretta caretta is a large marine turtle with a cosmopolitan repartition in warm and temperate waters of the planet. The South Pacific subpopulation is classified as \'Critically Endangered\' on the IUCN Red List, based on the estimated demographic decline. This precarious situation engages an urgent need to monitor nesting populations in order to highlight conservation priorities and to ensure their efficiency over time. New Caledonia encompasses a large number of micro and distant nesting sites, localized on coral islets widely distributed across its large lagoon. Adequately surveying nesting activities on those hard-to-reach beaches can prove to be challenging. As a result, important knowledge gaps prevail in those high-potential nesting habitats. For the first time, an innovative monitoring scheme was conducted to assess the intensity of nesting activities, considered as a proxy of the population size, on an exhaustive set of islets located in the \'Grand Lagon Sud\' area. These data were analyzed using a set of statistical methods specially designed to produce phenology and nesting activity estimates using Bayesian methods. This analysis revealed that this rookery hosts a large nesting colony, with a mean annual estimate of 437 nests (95% Credible Interval = 328-582). These numbers exceed that of the previous estimated annual number of loggerhead turtle nests in New Caledonia, highlighting the exceptional nature of this area. Considering the fact that similar high-potential aggregations have been identified in other parts of New Caledonia, but failed to be comprehensively assessed to this day, we recommend carrying out this replicable monitoring scheme to other locations. It could allow a significant re-evaluation of the New Caledonian nesting population importance and, ultimately, of its prevailing responsibility for the protection of this patrimonial yet endangered species.

New Caledonia is a French territory located in the South Pacific Ocean. The prevalence rate of end-stage renal disease is nearly 3,000 per million inhabitants, making it one of the highest prevalence rates in the world. Preventing chronic kidney disease is a major public health issue. This article presents prevalence rates of chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages 3-5 for New Caledonia defined by a glomerular filtration rate estimated below 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Estimation was assessed from data collected during two “Adult health barometer” surveys carried out in the general adult population. Therefore, our study assessed two prevalence rates: 7.8% [6.1; 10.1] and 5.3% [3.3; 8.5]. Those prevalence rates were two to four times higher than in mainland France which is consistent with the high prevalence rate of end stage renal disease treated in New Caledonia. Hence, CKD prevention is essential for New Caledonia.
La Nouvelle-Calédonie est une collectivité française dans l’océan Pacifique Sud. Le taux de prévalence de l’insuffisance rénale chronique terminale traitée s’élève à près de 3 000 par million d’habitants, soit un des taux de prévalence parmi les plus élevés au monde. Cet article présente pour la première fois les taux de prévalence de la maladie rénale chronique aux stades 3-5 pour la Nouvelle-Calédonie, définie par un débit de filtration glomérulaire estimé inférieur à 60 mL/min/1,73 m2. Ces résultats ont été estimés à partir des deux enquêtes « Baromètre santé adulte » en population générale adulte. Notre étude a estimé des taux de prévalence de 7,8 % [6,1 ; 10,1] et de 5,3 % [3,3 ; 8,5]. Le taux de prévalence de la maladie rénale chronique serait donc deux à quatre fois plus élevé qu’en France métropolitaine. La prévention de la maladie rénale chronique est primordiale pour la Nouvelle-Calédonie.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to assess the concordance and its association with sociocultural background of a four-question survey with accelerometry in a multiethnic adolescent population, regarding sleep components. Based on questions from the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and adapted to a school context, the questionnaire focussed on estimating sleep onset time, wake-up time and sleep duration on both weekdays and weekends. This subjective survey was compared with accelerometry data while also considering the influence of sociocultural factors (sex, place of living, ethnic community and socio-economic status).
METHODS: Adolescents aged 10.5-16 years (n = 182) in New Caledonia completed the survey and wore an accelerometer for seven consecutive days. Accelerometry was used to determine sleep onset and wake-up time using validated algorithms. Based on response comparison, Bland-Altman plots provided agreement between subjective answers and objective measures. We categorized participants\' answers to the survey into underestimated, aligned and overestimated categories based on time discrepancies with accelerometry data. Multinomial regressions highlighted the sociocultural factors associated with discrepancies.
RESULTS: Concordance between the accelerometer and self-reported assessments was low particularly during weekends (18%, 26% and 19% aligned for onset sleep time, wake-up time and sleep duration respectively) compared with weekdays (36%, 53% and 31% aligned, respectively). This means that the overall concordance was less than 30%. When considering the sociocultural factors, only place of living was associated with discrepancies in onset sleep time and wake-up time primarily on weekdays. Rural adolescents were more likely to overestimate both onset sleep time (B = -1.97, p < 0.001) and wake-up time (B = -1.69, p = 0.003).
CONCLUSIONS: The study found low concordance between self-assessment and accelerometry outputs for sleep components. This was particularly low for weekend days and for participants living in rural areas. While the adapted four-item questionnaire was useful and easy to complete, caution should be taken when making conclusions about sleep habits based solely on this measurement.

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OBJECTIVE: The geographical origin and evolutionary mechanisms underpinning the rich and distinctive New Caledonian flora remain poorly understood. This is attributable to the complex geological past of the island and to the scarcity of well-resolved species-level phylogenies. Here, we infer phylogenetic relationships and divergence times of New Caledonian palms, which comprise 40 species. We use this framework to elucidate the biogeography of New Caledonian palm lineages and to explore how extant species might have formed.
METHODS: A phylogenetic tree including 37 New Caledonian palm species and 77 relatives from tribe Areceae was inferred from 151 nuclear genes obtained by targeted sequencing. Fossil-calibrated divergence times were estimated and ancestral ranges inferred. Ancestral and extant ecological preferences in terms of elevation, precipitation and substrate were compared between New Caledonian sister species to explore their possible roles as drivers of speciation.
RESULTS: New Caledonian palms form four well-supported clades, inside which relationships are well resolved. Our results support the current classification but suggest that Veillonia and Campecarpus should be resurrected and fail to clarify whether Rhopalostylidinae is sister to or nested in Basseliniinae. New Caledonian palm lineages are derived from New Guinean and Australian ancestors, which reached the island through at least three independent dispersal events between the Eocene and Miocene. Palms then dispersed out of New Caledonia at least five times, mainly towards Pacific islands. Geographical and ecological transitions associated with speciation events differed across time and genera. Substrate transitions were more frequently associated with older events than with younger ones.
CONCLUSIONS: Neighbouring areas and a mosaic of local habitats shaped the palm flora of New Caledonia, and the island played a significant role in generating palm diversity across the Pacific region. This new spatio-temporal framework will enable population-level ecological and genetic studies to unpick the mechanisms underpinning New Caledonian palm endemism.

Garcinia L. is a pantropically distributed genus comprised of at least 250 species of shrubs and trees and has centers of diversity located in Africa/Madagascar, Australasia, and Southeast Asia. The genus is notable due to its extreme diversity of floral form, common presence in lowland tropical rainforests worldwide, and potential pharmacological value. Across its entire geographic range, Garcinia lacks a recent taxonomic revision, with the last genus-level taxonomic treatment of Garcinia conducted over 40 years ago. In order to provide an evolutionary-based framework for a revised infrageneric classification of the genus and to investigate in more detail the systematics of New Caledonian species, we conducted molecular phylogenetic analyses using DNA sequence data for the nuclear ITS region on all samples, and for three chloroplast intergenic spacers (psbM-trnD, trnQ-rps16 and rps16-trnK) on a subset of our overall sampling. Our phylogenetic analyses are the most comprehensive to date for the genus, containing 111 biogeographically and morphologically diverse Garcinia species. The analyses support a broad circumscription of Garcinia, including several previously segregated genera (e.g. Allanblackia, Clusianthemum, Ochrocarpos p.p., Pentaphalangium, Rheedia, and Tripetalum). We recovered nine major clades falling within two major lineages, and we delimit 11 sections. We discuss each of the clades, assign them sectional names, discuss their distinguishing morphological features, compare our taxonomic treatment with the most recent sectional treatment, list representative species, note geographic distribution, and highlight some questions that deserve future investigations. We propose nine new nomenclatural combinations, four new names, and three new lectotypes. In New Caledonia (NC), a total of ten, all endemic, species are recognized and were included in our phylogenetic analyses, with several replicates per species (with the exception of G.virgata and G.urceolata, represented by a single accession each). New Caledonian species were retrieved within three separate clades, respectively including 1) G.balansae; 2) G.comptonii, G.neglecta, G.urceolata, G.virgata; and 3) G.amplexicaulis, G.densiflora, G.pedicellata, G.puat, G.vieillardii. Within NC, the phylogenies did not support the distinction between a putative undescribed species and G.balansae. However, it confirmed the distinction between NC species and both G.vitiensis (found in Fiji and Vanuatu) and G.adinantha (found in Fiji), suggesting that all NC species should be considered as endemics.

BACKGROUND: Melioidosis is a serious bacterial infection caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei, a gram-negative bacterium commonly found in soil and water. It can affect both humans and animals, and is endemic in regions such as Southeast Asia and Northern Australia. In recent years, there have been reports of an emergence of human melioidosis in other areas, including New Caledonia.
RESULTS: During standard laboratory analysis in New Caledonia in 2021, a strain of B. pseudomallei was isolated from a goat. The strain was characterized using both MLST and WGS techniques and was found to cluster with previously described local human strains from the area. In parallel, several serological tests (CFT, ELISA, Luminex (Hcp1, GroEL, BPSS1840), arrays assay and a latex agglutination test) were performed on animals from the farm where the goat originated, and/or from three other neighboring farms. Using two commercial ELISA kits, seropositive animals were found only on the farm where the infected goat originated and tests based on recombinant proteins confirmed the usefulness of the Hcp1 protein for the diagnosis of melioidosis in animals.
CONCLUSIONS: Despite the regular reports of human cases, this is the first confirmed case of melioidosis in an animal in New Caledonia. These results confirm the presence of the bacterium in the region and highlight the importance of vigilance for both animal and human health. It is critical that all health partners, including breeders, veterinarians, and biologists, work together to monitor and prevent the spread of the disease.

The new species, Calesynthemis jeanlegrandi sp. nov., dedicated to the late Jean Legrand, is described and illustrated based on a single pair of specimens from Mont Pani, New Caledonia. The male of this large species has unusual strongly sinuous and distally down curved white cerci 7 mm long and exhibits on abdominal segment 10 a remarkable clump of strong setae mimicking a dorsal horn. The female wingspan slightly exceeds 100 mm. In addition, on the basis of adult and larval characters, Neocaledosynthemis gen. nov. is erected to accommodate two other New Caledonian synthemistids, Synthemis fenella Campion (type species) and Synthemis ariadne Lieftinck. New Caledonian synthemistids are probably more closely related to Parasynthemis Carle than to Synthemis Selys Longchamps, both from Australia.