The prevalence of rosacea in skin of color (SOC) populations is estimated to be as high as 10% in some countries. Traditionally, intense pulsed light (IPL) and pulsed dye laser (PDL) have been the laser and energy-based devices (EBDs) used to treat rosacea. However, not all laser and EBDs are safe for SOC (Fitzpatrick skin types IV-VI) due to increased absorption of energy in pigmented skin and increased risk of post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation and scarring. This review summarizes the use of the top seven laser and EBDs for treating rosacea in SOC.

OBJECTIVE: Surface roughness is one of the most important factors that play an important role in increasing the connection between the surface of the tooth and the applied restoration. Due to the increased interest in zirconia and the improvement of its mechanical and aesthetic properties, studies have increased that work to improve and increase its surface roughness so that it can be used as a veneer in the future. This study aims to compare the effect of two types of lasers on the surface of highly transparent zirconia to evaluate the surface roughness resulting from the two techniques.
METHODS: The study sample consisted of 20 ceramic cubes made of translucent zirconia (DD cubeX2, Dental Direct, Germany). It was made using a CAD-CAM Zircodenta device (Imes-Icore, Germany) and a zirconia sintering furnace (Imes-Icore, Germany). The study sample was divided into two groups; the first group consisted of 10 cubes exposed to Nd:YAG laser and the second group consisted of 10 discs exposed to continuous wave CO2 laser. The surface roughness test was conducted for the study samples in each of the groups using a surface roughness tester. Data were collected and analyzed using SPSS v25 software.
RESULTS: The surface roughness was measured and its mean was 1.208±0.22 in the Nd:YAG laser group and 0.809±0.21 in the CO2 laser group. There was a significant difference between the study groups according to the independent sample T-test.
CONCLUSIONS: This study concluded that the Nd:YAG laser surface roughens of zirconia is greater than the continuous wave CO2 laser, with a substantially significant difference.

UNASSIGNED: Alexandrite laser is more adapted for lighter hair but not for darker skin, while the Nd:YAG laser is more suitable for darker skin but not for lighter hair.
UNASSIGNED: To evaluate both laser used as single treatment and in simultaneous emission for axillary hair removal.
UNASSIGNED: Ten patients (18-40 years old) were selected for this study. The spot size and pulse time were kept constant for all patients, 14 mm and 5 ms, respectively. The fluences were 20 to 28 J/cm2, 16 to 25 J/cm2, and 14-8 J/cm2 to 25-13 J/cm2 for Nd:YAG, alexandrite and the combined alex/YAG, respectively. Three treatment sessions were performed at 6-week interval, and patients were reviewed 4 months after the last session.
UNASSIGNED: The median number of hairs reduced from 46.00 to 33.00 (p = .022) for alexandrite, from 44.50 to 30.00 (p = .02) for Nd:YAG and from 56.00 to 19.50 (p = .005) for alexandrite-Nd:YAG, equivalent to 46.70%, 27.74% and 70.12% median hair reduction, respectively.
UNASSIGNED: The simultaneous emission of both 755 nm and 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser is significantly more effective than a single laser treatment. Future studies are needed to confirm the good results of this innovative technique.

UNASSIGNED: To estimate the incidence of neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser (Nd:YAG) capsulotomy up to five years after cataract surgery with different single-piece acrylic monofocal IOLs in a Spanish cohort.
UNASSIGNED: Data were extracted from electronic medical records. Eligible participants were aged ≥65, had cataract surgery with one of five different acrylic monofocal IOLs (Alcon AcrySof, AJL LLASY60, Medicontur Bi-flex, IOL Tech Stabibag and Zeiss Asphina), and more than six months baseline data. Participants were followed up to five years from surgery and up to six months from Nd:YAG. The incidence of Nd:YAG was compared between the IOLs and multivariate analyses were conducted to identify predictors of Nd:YAG incidence at five-years after cataract surgery.
UNASSIGNED: The initial cohort included 9545 patients with 14,519 eyes (53% female, average age 75 years). Of those, 3955 eyes were available for analysis five years after cataract surgery. Throughout the five years post-surgery, Nd:YAG incidence was consistently lower with Alcon Acrysof IOLs than the other IOLs. At five years the Nd:YAG incidence rate for Alcon Acrysof was 8.8%. In comparison, the incidence was 47.4% for AJL LLASY60 (OR = 9.54, 95% CI [6.57, 13.84]), 44.3% for Zeiss Asphina (OR = 8.35, 95% CI [5.85, 11.94]) and 44.0% for IOL Tech Stabibag (OR = 8.02, 95% CI [4.60, 13.84]).
UNASSIGNED: Alcon AcrySof IOLs have a consistently lower risk of Nd:YAG incidence over a long follow-up period after cataract surgery, highlighting the importance of IOL choice for patients\' long-term outcomes.

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Subhyaloid hemorrhage, characterized by localized vitreoretinal detachment due to blood accumulation, often results in sudden vision loss, especially in the macular area. This case report highlights a 23-year-old female presenting with exercise-related Valsalva retinopathy leading to premacular subhyaloid hemorrhage. The patient underwent neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser hyaloidotomy, a non-invasive procedure, leading to rapid blood drainage and visual recovery. The patient\'s initial visual acuity was severely impaired, with a significant premacular hemorrhage obscuring the macula. A week later, due to the expanding hemorrhage, Nd:YAG laser hyaloidotomy was performed, demonstrating successful blood dispersion and restoration of vision. Follow-up revealed significant improvement with demarcation of the previous hemorrhage and no evidence of new findings. The case emphasizes the importance of prompt intervention and considers alternative treatments for premacular subhyaloid hemorrhage. While associated with ocular pathologies, such as macular holes and retinal detachment, Nd:YAG laser hyaloidotomy remains a safe and effective outpatient procedure for managing premacular subhyaloid hemorrhage, avoiding the risks of more invasive surgical interventions. The presented case highlights the significance of tailored interventions based on patient history, minimizing the need for invasive procedures and their associated risks.

The study was aimed to validate the efficacy of the pulsed Nd:YAG laser on nerve regeneration in a rat sciatic nerve crushed model. 54 Wistar rats were randomly assigned into three groups: shame control, crush control, and laser treated group. For the laser treated group, the pulsed Nd:YAG laser (10 Hz) with 350 mJ per pulse in energy density and 50 J/cm2 in fluence was applied extracorporeally at the lesion site for 12 min to daily deliver 500 J immediately and consecutive 9 days following the crush injury. At week 1, the apoptosis-related activities in the injured nerve were examined (n = 8/each group). The sciatic functional index (SFI) was measured preoperatively and weekly until 4 weeks after the index procedure. The injured nerve and the innervated gastrocnemius muscle histology were assessed at week 4 (n = 10/each group). At week 1, the laser group showed the significant less TUNEL-positive ratio (P < 0.05), and the lower expression of cleaved caspase3/procaspase-3 and beclin-2/beclin-2-associated protein X ratios compared with the crush control. Furthermore, the laser group revealed significantly better SFI since week 1 and throughout the study (P < 0.05, all) compared with the crush control. At week 4, the laser group showed significantly higher axon density, lower myelin g-ratio, and the corresponding higher glycogen expression (P < 0.05, all) in the gastrocnemius muscle compared with those in the crush control. The pulsed Nd:YAG might enhance the injured nerve regeneration via apoptosis inhibition.

Procedural management, including fractionated laser therapy, has been increasingly investigated for the management of androgenetic alopecia (AGA). However, no comprehensive resources exist detailing the efficacy of fractionated laser therapies used for the treatment of AGA. A systematic review investigating fractionated laser use for AGA was performed, separated into each distinct fractionated laser modality. A meta-analysis was performed to examine improvement in hair counts and hair shaft diameter. Fourteen studies were included for systematic review, which identified the use of erbium-glass, thulium, erbium-ytrrium:aluminum garnet (YAG), and carbon dioxide (CO2) fractionated laser for the treatment of AGA. In the meta-analysis, fractionated laser combination therapy showed significant improvement in hair shaft diameter (2.51, 95% CI 2.37-2.65, I2 = 90.54). Fractionated laser monotherapy alone significantly improved hair shaft diameter (2.28 95% CI 2.03-2.52, I2 = 91.20%). This effect was durable on subgroup analysis for both erbium-glass (2.36 95% CI 2.01-2.71, I2 = 92.05%) and thulium (1.61 95% CI 1.08-2.15, I2 = < 0.00%). There was no improvement in hair shaft count for any laser modality. Erbium-glass laser is an effective modality as either monotherapy or combination with topical/injectable therapies to improve hair shaft diameter in AGA.

We aim to discuss the use of laser for the treatment of eyebrow microblading and cosmetic tattoo complications through a review of the literature. Our research question is whether quality-switched or picosecond laser is superior for the removal of eyebrow tattoos. This structured review was conducted using a PubMed search using the search terms \"laser tattoo removal\" AND \"cosmetic tattoo\" AND \"eyebrow\" with the article type filtered to \"case reports,\" \"clinical trial,\" and \"randomized controlled trial\" ranging from dates 1994-2023. All case reports or series evaluating the effect of laser on eyebrow cosmetic tattooing pigment were included. We summarize the results of 11 studies evaluating the use of laser for cosmetic tattoo removal, with 129 patients treated specifically for eyebrow pigment. Most studies (8/11) report Fitzpatrick skin type or race. Seven studies utilize quality-switched (QS) neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG), alexandrite or ruby, three used picosecond (PS) Nd:YAG or alexandrite, and three used carbon dioxide (CO2) laser. We report laser energy, spot size, and pulse duration, as well as treatment outcomes and adverse events. Historically, methods of pigment removal included dermabrasion, cryosurgery, electrosurgery, radiofrequency, infrared light, intense pulsed light, and surgical excision; however, these methods often led to poor cosmetic outcomes including scarring and further dyspigmentation. QS laser treatments provided superior cosmetic outcomes and thus were considered the gold standard treatment option for pigment removal. However, the advent of PS lasers has challenged this given their increased selectivity, lower fluence requirements, and reduction in surrounding thermal damage. Our review demonstrates that PS Nd:YAG is quicker and more effective that QS Nd:YAG in the treatment of eyebrow tattoos. Additionally, the paradoxical darkening seen with QS lasers is less common with PS lasers. We also demonstrate that CO2 laser may be a helpful adjunct to QS or PS laser. This review focuses on Fitzpatrick skin type and race, providing a unique perspective on the use of laser treatment in skin of color, which often poses an additional treatment challenge.

Onychomycosis is a highly prevalent and persistent nail disorder primarily caused by dermatophytes. The effectiveness of current topical and systemic antifungals is limited by the extent and severity of the infection, patient demographics and health status, hepatic toxicity, drug interactions and low compliance. Laser therapy is a promising modality for safe and cost-effective removal of mycotic nail. This prospective study assessed the performance of a multi-series long-pulsed Nd:YAG 1064 nm regimen (30-40 J/cm2 , 1 Hz) in the treatment of 213 mycotic nails in 31 patients. Pain and discomfort were scored at each treatment session and mycological and clinical cure rates were determined 3 months after the last treatment session. Patients presented with mostly severe (mean SCIO score: 21.9 ± 8.9), T. rubrum-positive (87.1%) infections. Most (61%) had a family history of onychomycosis and a significant proportion had comorbidities, including hypertension (38.7%), hyperlipidemia (35.5%) and/or diabetes (12.9%). Treatment was well tolerated and there were no reports of nail deformity or burns. By 3 months post-treatment, mycological cure was achieved by 4 (12.9%) and visual improvements were noted for 10 (32.3%) patients, including 3 (9.7%) with moderate to significant improvements. Clinical response correlated with baseline SCIO ≤ 20 (OR: 0.9 [0.13-6.52]), family history of onychomycosis (OR: 0.27 [0.04-1.50]) and comorbidities (OR: 0.44 [0.05-3.74]). In conclusion, Nd:YAG 1064 nm laser is safe and effective for the management of mild-to-moderate onychomycosis in diverse populations. Further studies will be necessary to adjust treatment parameters to patient and nail profiles and to determine the impact of combined laser and topical therapies.