暂无摘要。

UNASSIGNED: Computed tomography (CT) is the gold standard for diagnosing canine nasal diseases. However, it cannot easily detect minor abnormalities in inflammatory diseases because they are not accompanied by obvious morphological changes.
UNASSIGNED: The present study aimed to compare the differences in normal CT findings of turbinate structure and mucosa between breeds to establish criteria for CT diagnosis of inflammatory diseases of the nasal cavity.
UNASSIGNED: CT data from 77 dogs of 5 breeds without nasal diseases were retrospectively studied. The nasal air percentage, which reflects the volume of the nasal turbinate structure and mucosa, was measured. The nasal turbinate mucosa was measured for contrast enhancement reflecting blood flow. Measurements were performed in the ventral and ethmoid turbinate (ET) regions. Comparisons were made between breeds and sections.
UNASSIGNED: The air percentage in the ventral and ET regions was significantly different between breeds. Contrast enhancement was significantly different between breeds only in the ET. Moreover, different breeds had different correlations between body weight, age, nose length, and air percentage.
UNASSIGNED: In this study, reference values for normal CT findings of the nasal structure and mucosa were obtained, taking into account the breed, measurement section, and patient factors. The results showed that the volume of the turbinate structure and contrast enhancement of nasal mucosa differed depending on the breed. The measured values also differed depending on the cross-sections and patient factors.

Olfactory neuroblastoma (ONB) is an uncommon malignant tumor and is usually treated by a multidisciplinary approach includes surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. A 62 years-old male had a tumor in the nasal cavity and diagnosed as ONB with Kadish A stage. Anterior skull base surgery was performed as radical treatment. Since the surgical margin was negative, no postoperative radiotherapy was administered. 14 years after the surgery, bilateral otitis media with effusion (OME) was occurred, we found the recurrence tumor at bilateral retropharyngeal lymph node (RPLN) which surrounded the internal carotid arteries. Since these were unresectable, we planned chemoradiotherapy which was 70Gy of intensity modulated radiotherapy combined with two courses of carboplatin and etoposide. The tumor volume was reduced and bilateral OME were improved. He has been alive for 3 years after salvage treatment. Although ONB has a relatively good prognosis, it is known to often cause cervical lymph node metastasis. Grades III and IV of Hyams classification are considered high risk. This case, initial tumor was limited in the nasal cavity and its clinical classification was early stage, but Hyams classification was grade III. In reference to this case, considering that RPLN metastasis are difficult to radically resect at the salvage surgery, including this area in postoperative radiotherapy was considered an option.

This case report describes rare concomitant allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS) and chronic granulomatous invasive fungal sinusitis (CGIFS) in a 34-year-old woman with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) post bone marrow transplantation. Initially presenting with rhinorrhea and nasal obstruction, the patient was diagnosed with AFRS in the right maxillary sinus, followed by a postoperative course of CGIFS in the left nasal cavity, showcasing the unique occurrence. She was not immunocompromised during diagnosis. CGIFS may have occurred because of surgery; however, voriconazole led to significant improvement. This case highlights noninvasive and invasive fungal infections in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis and a history of GVHD and underscores the complexity of diagnosing and managing such cases.

Sinonasal malignant tumors are a group of uncommon malignancies that account for less than 1% of all tumors. These tumors often involve the maxillary sinus and nasal cavity, with less cumulative incidence in the ethmoidal sinus, sphenoidal sinus, and frontal sinus. The lack of consensus on the management of sinonasal malignancies is due to their rarity, diagnostic challenges, and the heterogeneity of treatments. In this paper, we present a case of endoscopic-assisted medial canthus incision combined with radiotherapy in the treatment of sinonasal malignant tumors, with the aim of providing valuable insights to clinicians on the management of these tumors.

The nasal cavity of living mammals is a unique structural complex among tetrapods, acquired along a series of major morphological transformations that occurred mainly during the Mesozoic Era, within the Synapsida clade. Particularly, non-mammaliaform cynodonts document several morphological changes in the skull, during the Triassic Period, that represent the first steps of the mammalian bauplan. We here explore the nasal cavity of five cynodont taxa, namely Thrinaxodon, Chiniquodon, Prozostrodon, Riograndia, and Brasilodon, in order to discuss the main changes within this skull region. We did not identify ossified turbinals in the nasal cavity of these taxa and if present, as non-ossified structures, they would not necessarily be associated with temperature control or the development of endothermy. We do, however, notice a complexification of the cartilage anchoring structures that divide the nasal cavity and separate it from the brain region in these forerunners of mammals.

OBJECTIVE: Although the mouse is a widely used animal model in biomedical research, there are few published studies on its nasal aerodynamics, potentially due to its small size. It is not appropriate to assume that mice and rats\' nasal structure and airflow characteristics are the same because the ratio of nasal surface area to nasal volume and body weight is much higher in a mouse than in a rat. The aim of this work is to use anatomically accurate image-based computational fluid dynamic modeling to quantitatively reveal the characteristics of mouse nasal airflow and mass transport that haven\'t been detailed before and find key differences to that of rat nose, which will deepen our understanding of the mouse\'s physiological functions.
METHODS: We created an anatomically accurate 3D computational nasal model of a B6 mouse using postmortem high-resolution micro-CT scans and simulated the airflow distribution and odor transport patterns under restful breathing conditions. The deposition pattern of airborne particles was also simulated and validated against experimental data. In addition, we calculated the gas chromatograph efficiency of odor transport in the mouse employing the theoretical plate concept and compared it with previous studies involving cat and rat models.
RESULTS: Similar to the published rat model, respiratory and olfactory flow regimes are clearly separated in the mouse nasal cavity. A high-speed dorsal medial (DM) stream was observed, which enhances the delivery speed and efficiency of odor to the ethmoid (olfactory) recess (ER). The DM stream split into axial and secondary paths in the ER. However, the secondary flow in the mouse is less extensive than in the rat. The gas chromatograph efficiency calculations suggest that the rat may possess a moderately higher odorant transport efficiency than that of the mouse due to its more complex ethmoid recess structure and extensive secondary flow. However, the mouse\'s nasal structure seems to adapt better to varying airflow velocity.
CONCLUSIONS: Due to the inherent structural disparities, the rat and mouse models exhibit moderate differences in airflow and mass transport patterns, potentially impacting their olfaction and other behavioral habits.

Solitary fibrous tumors (SFTs) are rare neoplasms primarily found in the pleural region but have been documented in diverse extrapleural sites, including the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, albeit infrequently. Here, we present a case of a 48-year-old female who presented with a right-sided nasal mass and associated ophthalmologic symptoms, ultimately diagnosed with a benign spindle cell lesion localized to the nasal cavity. The patient underwent a comprehensive evaluation involving clinical examination, radiological imaging, and histopathological analysis, leading to the identification of a benign solitary fibrous tumor. Notably, diagnosing SFTs in the nasal cavity presents challenges due to their nonspecific clinical and imaging features, necessitating a multidisciplinary approach for accurate diagnosis and optimal management. Surgical excision, preferably via endoscopic techniques, remains the cornerstone of treatment based on tumor characteristics and extent. This case underscores the importance of recognizing uncommon presentations of sinonasal lesions, navigating diagnostic complexities, and emphasizing the critical role of multidisciplinary collaboration in achieving favorable treatment outcomes for patients with such nasal cavity tumors.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the limitations, barriers, and complications in the early transition from the microscopic transsphenoidal approach (MTA) to the endonasal endoscopic approach (EEA) to the skull base in our institution.
METHODS: Technical challenges, as well as clinical features and complications, were compared between MTA, EEA, and mixed cases during the early surgical curve.
RESULTS: The period from the early learning curve was 1 year until the EEA protocol was used routinely. A total of 34 patients registered a resection using a transsphenoidal approach. Eighteen patients underwent EEA, 11 underwent MTA, and five underwent a mixed endonasal and microscopic approach. Non-significant differences were found in endocrine outcomes between the three groups. Patients with unchanged or improved visual function were higher in the EEA group (p = 0.147). Non-significant differences were found in terms of the extent of resection (EOR) between groups (p = 0.369). Only 1 (2.9%) patient in the whole series developed a post-operative CSF leaking that resolved with medical management, belonging to the EEA group (5.5%).
CONCLUSIONS: The early phase of the learning curve did not affect our series significantly in terms of the EOR, endocrine status, and visual outcomes.
OBJECTIVE: Investigar las limitaciones, las barreras y las complicaciones en la transición del abordaje transesfenoidal microscópico (ATM) al abordaje endonasal endoscópico (AEE) para la base del cráneo en nuestra institución.
UNASSIGNED: Se compararon las características clínicas y las complicaciones entre ATM, AEE y casos mixtos durante la curva quirúrgica temprana.
RESULTS: El periodo desde la curva de aprendizaje inicial fue de 1 año hasta que se utilizó el protocolo AEE de forma sistemática. Un total de 34 pacientes tuvieron una resección por vía transesfenoidal. A 18 pacientes se les realizó AEE, a 11 ATM y a 5 abordaje mixto endonasal y microscópico. Se encontraron diferencias no significativas en los resultados endocrinos entre los tres grupos. Los pacientes con función visual sin cambios o mejorada fueron más en el grupo AEE (p = 0.147). No se encontraron diferencias significativas respecto a la extensión de la resección (p = 0.369). Solo 1 (2.9%) paciente desarrolló una fístula de líquido cefalorraquídeo que se resolvió con manejo médico, perteneciente al grupo AEE (5.5%).
CONCLUSIONS: La fase inicial de la curva de aprendizaje no afectó significativamente a nuestra serie en términos de extensión de la resección, estado endocrino y resultados visuales.

NUT Carcinoma（NC） is a rare malignant tumor of unknown origin, which is highly aggressive. It is characterized by chromosome rearrangement accompanied by NUTM1 gene. The pathological manifestations were sudden and focal squamous in poorly differentiated or undifferentiated carcinoma. NUTM1gene rearrangement can be used to diagnose NC. The prognosis of NUT cancer is poor. Clinically, there is no established treatment plan. treatment options mainly comprise surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. A 74-year-old patient with NC of the nasal cavity and sinuses was reported. Her clinical presentation was right nasal congestion with facial swelling. Sinus CT and MRI showed soft tissue density in the right nasal cavity and maxillary sinus with bone destruction. After admission, the patient underwent nasal endoscopic biopsy, and the postoperative pathological FISH staining showed BRD4/NUT fusion t（15, 19）. The tumor was significantly reduced after two courses of sequential chemoradiotherapy. Two months later, the patient underwent a partial maxillary resection due to the rapid regrowth of sinusoidal mass, invading the hard palate. The patient died 2 months after surgery due to multiple organ failure resulted from tumor metastasis, with a survival time of 11 months. The clinical characteristics, diagnosis and treatment of this case were reported and related literature was reviewed.
摘要: NUT癌（NUT Carcinoma）是一种罕见的起源不明的具有高度侵袭性的恶性肿瘤，其以伴有NUTM1基因染色体重排为主要特点，病理表现为具有突然和局灶性鳞状分化低分化或未分化癌，FISH检测见NUTM1基因重排可明确诊断，NUT癌预后较差，临床上并未明确治疗方案，治疗方式多为手术、放疗及化疗。本文报道1例74岁鼻腔鼻窦NUT癌患者，临床表现为右侧鼻塞伴面部肿胀，鼻窦CT及MRI示右侧鼻腔及上颌窦软组织密度影伴骨质破坏，入院后行鼻窦肿物活检术，术后病理FISH染色结果示BRD4/NUT融合t（15，19），予序贯同步放化疗2个疗程后肿物显著减小，2个月后肿物再次迅速增长侵及硬腭影响进食，行上颌骨部分切除术，术后2个月患者因肿瘤转移累及全身脏器衰竭死亡，生存期11个月，现对本病例的临床特征和诊疗经过进行报告及相关文献复习。.