我们身体的健康状态是由不同组织细胞之间建立的良好的渗透和生化平衡来调节的,器官,和系统。定义了人体的特定区域,保持在正确的运行状态,and,因此,免受两种机械的外源性或内源性伤害,物理,和生物性质的存在不同的屏障系统。除了胎盘屏障,它甚至充当两种不同生物之间的连接体,母亲和胎儿,所有的人体屏障,包括血脑屏障(BBB),血-视网膜屏障,血神经屏障,血淋巴屏障,血脑脊液屏障,操作以维持组织和器官内的生理稳态。从制药的角度来看,最具挑战性的无疑是BBB,因为它的存在使脑部疾病的治疗尤其复杂。BBB作用会损害化学药物和生物药物进入大脑的传递,降低其治疗功效和/或增加其在周围健康组织中的不想要的生物累积。最近的纳米技术创新提供了先进的生物材料和临时定制的工程和功能化方法,能够帮助大脑靶向药物递送。在这种情况下,脂质纳米载体,包括合成的(脂质体,固体脂质纳米粒,纳米乳液,纳米结构脂质载体,Niosomes,外泌体,和立方体)和细胞来源的(细胞外囊泡和细胞膜来源的纳米载体),由于其合理的生物相容性和穿过BBB的能力,被认为是最成功的脑递送系统之一。这篇综述旨在提供一个完整和最新的观点,关于最多样化的脂质载体的功效,FDA是否批准,参与临床试验,或用于体外或体内研究,用于治疗炎症,癌变,或传染性脑部疾病。
The state of well-being and health of our body is regulated by the fine osmotic and biochemical balance established between the cells of the different tissues, organs, and systems. Specific districts of the human body are defined, kept in the correct state of functioning, and, therefore, protected from exogenous or endogenous insults of both mechanical, physical, and biological nature by the presence of different barrier systems. In addition to the placental barrier, which even acts as a linker between two different organisms, the mother and the fetus, all human body barriers, including the blood-brain barrier (BBB), blood-retinal barrier, blood-nerve barrier, blood-lymph barrier, and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, operate to maintain the physiological homeostasis within tissues and organs. From a pharmaceutical point of view, the most challenging is undoubtedly the BBB, since its presence notably complicates the treatment of brain disorders. BBB action can impair the delivery of chemical drugs and biopharmaceuticals into the brain, reducing their therapeutic efficacy and/or increasing their unwanted bioaccumulation in the surrounding healthy tissues. Recent nanotechnological innovation provides advanced biomaterials and ad hoc customized engineering and functionalization methods able to assist in brain-targeted drug delivery. In this context, lipid nanocarriers, including both synthetic (liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, nanostructured lipid carriers, niosomes, proniosomes, and cubosomes) and cell-derived ones (extracellular vesicles and cell membrane-derived nanocarriers), are considered one of the most successful brain delivery systems due to their reasonable biocompatibility and ability to cross the BBB. This review aims to provide a complete and up-to-date point of view on the efficacy of the most varied lipid carriers, whether FDA-approved, involved in clinical trials, or used in in vitro or in vivo studies, for the treatment of inflammatory, cancerous, or infectious brain diseases.