微塑料和杀虫剂是海洋生物群中新兴的污染物,对水生生物造成许多有害影响,尤其是鱼。鱼是主食和负担得起的食物来源,富含动物蛋白,以及各种维生素,必需氨基酸,和矿物。鱼接触微塑料,杀虫剂,各种纳米颗粒产生ROS并诱导氧化应激,炎症,免疫毒性,遗传毒性,和DNA损伤并改变肠道微生物群,从而降低了鱼的生长和质量。鱼类行为模式的变化,游泳,在暴露于上述污染物的情况下,也观察到了进食习惯。这些污染物也会影响Nrf-2,JNK,ERK,NF-κB,和MAPK信号通路。Nrf2-KEAP1信号调节鱼类氧化还原状态腌制酶。农药的影响,微塑料,纳米粒子可以调节许多抗氧化酶,包括超氧化物歧化酶,过氧化氢酶,和谷胱甘肽系统。所以,为了保护鱼类健康免受压力,研究了纳米技术或纳米配方的贡献。鱼类营养质量和种群数量的下降会对人类饮食产生重大影响,影响全世界的传统和经济。另一方面,栖息地水中的微量塑料和农药可以通过食用受污染的鱼类进入人类,这可能会导致严重的健康危害。这篇综述总结了由于微塑料引起的氧化应激,杀虫剂和纳米颗粒污染或暴露在鱼类栖息地水中及其对人类健康的影响。作为一种救援机制,讨论了纳米技术在鱼类健康和疾病管理中的应用。
Microplastics and pesticides are emerging contaminants in the marine biota, which cause many harmful effects on aquatic organisms, especially on fish. Fish is a staple and affordable food source, rich in animal protein, along with various vitamins, essential amino acids, and minerals. Exposure of fish to microplastics, pesticides, and various nanoparticles generates ROS and induces oxidative stress, inflammation, immunotoxicity, genotoxicity, and DNA damage and alters gut microbiota, thus reducing the growth and quality of fish. Changes in fish behavioral patterns, swimming, and feeding habits were also observed under exposures to the above contaminants. These contaminants also affect the Nrf-2, JNK, ERK, NF-κB, and MAPK signaling pathways. And Nrf2-KEAP1 signalling modulates redox status marinating enzymes in fish. Effects of pesticides, microplastics, and nanoparticles found to modulate many antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione system. So, to protect fish health from stress, the contribution of nano-technology or nano-formulations was researched. A decrease in fish nutritional quality and population significantly impacts on the human diet, influencing traditions and economics worldwide. On the other hand, traces of microplastics and pesticides in the habitat water can enter humans by consuming contaminated fish which may result in serious health hazards. This review summarizes the oxidative stress caused due to microplastics, pesticides and nano-particle contamination or exposure in fish habitat water and their impact on human health. As a rescue mechanism, the use of nano-technology in the management of fish health and disease was discussed.