Abstract：
This review describes the formation of a protein corona (or its absence) on different classes of nanoparticles, its basic principles, and its consequences for nanomedicine. For this purpose, it describes general concepts to control (guide/minimize) the interaction between artificial nanoparticles and plasma proteins to reduce protein corona formation. Thereafter, methods for the qualitative or quantitative determination of protein corona formation are presented, as well as the properties of nanoparticle surfaces, which are relevant for protein corona prevention (or formation). Thereby especially the role of grafting density of hydrophilic polymers on the surface of the nanoparticle is discussed to prevent the formation of a protein corona. In this context also the potential of detergents (surfactants) for a temporary modification as well as grafting-to and grafting-from approaches for a permanent modification of the surface are discussed. The review concludes by highlighting several promising avenues. This includes (i) the use of nanoparticles without protein corona for active targeting, (ii) the use of synthetic nanoparticles without protein corona formation to address the immune system, (iii) the recollection of nanoparticles with a defined protein corona after in vivo application to sample the blood proteome and (iv) further concepts to reduce protein corona formation.
摘要：
这篇综述描述了在不同类别的纳米颗粒上形成蛋白质电晕（或其不存在），其基本原则，以及它对纳米医学的影响。为此,它描述了控制（引导/最小化）人工纳米颗粒和血浆蛋白之间的相互作用以减少蛋白冠形成的一般概念。此后,提出了定性或定量测定蛋白质冠形成的方法，以及纳米粒子表面的性质，与蛋白质电晕预防(或形成)相关。因此，特别是讨论了亲水性聚合物在纳米颗粒表面上的接枝密度的作用，以防止蛋白质电晕的形成。在这种情况下，还讨论了洗涤剂（表面活性剂）用于临时改性以及用于永久改性表面的接枝和接枝方法的潜力。审查最后强调了几个有希望的途径。这包括（i）使用没有蛋白质电晕的纳米颗粒进行主动靶向，（ii）使用没有蛋白质电晕形成的合成纳米颗粒来解决免疫系统问题，(iii)在体内应用以对血液蛋白质组进行采样之后,具有确定的蛋白质冠的纳米颗粒的再收集和(iv)减少蛋白质冠形成的进一步概念。
