This article aims to study the different dietary fat types associated with obesity and coronary indices. A sample of 491 healthy adults was included in a cross-sectional manner. Dietary fats intake, obesity indices (conicity index (CI), body adiposity index (BAI), abdominal volume index (AVI), body roundness index (BRI), and weight-adjusted-waist index (WWI)), and cardiovascular indices (cardiometabolic index (CMI), lipid accumulation product (LAP), and atherogenic index of plasma (AIP)) were calculated and studied. Participants with an acceptable intake of omega-3 had a higher BRI score (1⋅90 ± 0⋅06 v. 1⋅70 ± 0⋅06). Participants with an unacceptable intake of cholesterol had a higher CI (1⋅31 ± 0⋅11 v. 1⋅28 ± 0⋅12; P = 0⋅011), AVI (20⋅24 ± 5⋅8 v. 18⋅33 ± 6⋅0; P < 0⋅001), BRI (2⋅00 ± 1⋅01 v. 1⋅70 ± 1⋅00; P = 0⋅003), WWI (11⋅00 ± 0⋅91 v. 10⋅80 ± 0⋅97; P = 0⋅032), and lower AIP (0⋅46 ± 0⋅33 v. 0⋅53 ± 0⋅33; P = 0⋅024). Total fat, saturated fat (SFA), and polyunsaturated fat (PUFA) intake had a significant moderate correlation with AVI and BRI. The monounsaturated fat (MUFA) intake had a significantly weak correlation with CI, AVI, BRI, WWI, and AIP. Cholesterol and omega-6 had weak correlations with all indices. Similar correlations were seen among male and female participants. The different types of fat intake significantly affected obesity and coronary indices, especially SFA and PUFA, as well as omega-3 and cholesterol. Gender and the dietary type of fat intake have a relationship to influence the indicators of both obesity and coronary indices.

This study aims to review China\'s national policies related to non-communicable disease (NCD) prevention and control at the primary health care (PHC) level since China\'s 2009 health system reform. Policy documents from official websites of China\'s State Council and 20 affiliated ministries were screened, where 151 out of 1,799 were included. Thematic content analysis was performed, and fourteen \'major policy initiatives\' were identified, including the basic health insurance schemes and essential public health services. Several areas showed to have strong policy support, including service delivery, health financing, and leadership/governance. Compared with WHO recommendations, several gaps remain, including lack of emphasis on multi-sectoral collaboration, underuse of non-health-professionals, and lack of quality-oriented PHC services evaluations. Over the past decade, China continues to demonstrate its policy commitment to strengthen the PHC system for NCD prevention and control. We recommend future policies to facilitate multi-sectoral collaboration, enhance community engagement, and improve performance evaluation mechanisms.

UNASSIGNED: The Malaysia 2022 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Adolescents provides evidence-based assessment across 12 indicators of physical activity-related behaviors, individual characteristics, settings and sources of influence, and strategies and investments for children and adolescents.
UNASSIGNED: The development process follows the systematic steps recommended by the Active Healthy Kids Global Alliance was used. Nationally representative data from 2016 to 2021, government reports and unpublished data were reviewed and consolidated by a panel of experts. Letter grades were assigned based on predefined benchmarks to 12 indicators including 10 core physical activity indicators that are common to Global Matrix 4.0 and two additional indicators (Diet and Weight Status). The current grading was then compared against those obtained in 2016.
UNASSIGNED: Four of six indicators in the Daily Behaviors category received D- or C grades [Overall Physical Activity, Active Transportation and Diet (D-); Sedentary Behaviors (C)], which remains poor, similar to the 2016 report card. School indicator was graded for the Settings and Sources of Influence category, which showed an improvement from grade B (2016) to A- (2022). As for the Strategies and Investments category, B was again assigned to the Government indicator. Two new indicators were added after the 2016 Report Card, and they were graded B (Physical Fitness) and B- (Weight Status). Four indicators (Organized Sports and Physical Activity, Active Play, Family and Peers, and Community and Environment) were again graded Incomplete due to a lack of nationally representative data.
UNASSIGNED: The 2022 Report Card revealed that Malaysian children and adolescents are still caught in the \"inactivity epidemic\". This warrants more engagement from all stakeholders, public health actions, and timely research, to comprehensively evaluate all indicators and drive a cultural shift to see Malaysian children and adolescents moving more every day.

Decreased physical activity (PA) has been associated with residents living in neighborhoods perceived as being disordered or having high crime levels. What is unknown are the characteristics of individuals who engage in moderate to vigorous levels of PA (MVPA) despite living in these vulnerable neighborhoods, or who may be referred to as positive deviants (PD). We examined the factors associated with PD for PA among Jamaicans. Between 2016 and 2017 the Jamaica Health and Lifestyle Survey, a cross-sectional nationally representative survey (n = 2807), was conducted on individuals aged 15 years and older. Regression analyses were performed to identify associations with PD, defined using engagement in MVPA among persons living in vulnerable neighborhoods (N = 1710). Being female (odds ratio [OR]a = 0.64 (0.48, 0.86); p = 0.003), obese while living in an urban area (ORa = 0.39; 95 % CI = 0.26, 0.59; p < 0.0001), unemployed (ORa = 0.53; 95 % CI = 0.39, 0.73; p < 0.0001), or a student (ORa = 0.62; 95 % CI = 0.39, 0.98); p = 0.041) was associated with a significantly lower likelihood of PD, while having a personal medical history of at least one chronic disease significantly increased likelihood (ORa = 1.43; 95 % CI = 1.08, 1.90; p = 0.014). Taking a PD approach may be one angle to consider in trying to determine what is working and for whom, so that this may be harnessed in policy, prevention and intervention programming to increase PA.

UNASSIGNED: Since the start of the Syrian conflict in 2011, Jordan and Lebanon have hosted large refugee populations, with a high pre-conflict burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). We aimed to explore NCD service provision to Syrian refugees in these two host countries and to identify lessons learned that may inform the global response to the changing health needs of refugees.
UNASSIGNED: Between January 2017 and June 2018, we conducted 36 in-depth interviews with stakeholders from Jordan and Lebanon, as well as global stakeholders, to understand the context, the achievements, gaps and priorities in the provision and uptake of NCD prevention, testing and treatment services to Syrian refugees.
UNASSIGNED: Both countries succeeded in embedding refugee health care within national health systems, yet coverage and quality of NCD health services offered to Syrian refugees in both contexts were affected by under-funding and consequent policy constraints. Changes in policies relating to cost sharing, eligibility and vulnerability criteria led to difficulties navigating the system and increased out-of-pocket payments for Syrians. Funding shortages were reported as a key barrier to NCD screening, diagnosis and management, including at the primary care level and referral from primary to secondary healthcare, particularly in Lebanon. These barriers were compounded by suboptimal implementation of NCD guidelines and high workloads for healthcare providers resulting from the large numbers of refugees.
UNASSIGNED: Despite the extraordinary efforts made by host countries, provision and continuity of high quality NCD services at scale remains a tremendous challenge given ongoing funding shortfalls and lack of prioritization of NCD care for refugees. The development of innovative, effective and sustainable solutions is necessary to counter the threat of NCDs.

UNASSIGNED: COVID-19 has had a profound impact on the health systems of the 11 countries of the WHO South East Asia Region. We conducted a systematic review of studies that used quantitative and comparative approaches to assess the impact of the pandemic on the service provision of four noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) (cancer, cardiovascular disease, chronic respiratory diseases, and diabetes) in the region.
UNASSIGNED: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, MedRxiv, and WHO COVID-19 databases in December 2021. The quality of studies was evaluated using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist and the ROBINS-I risk of bias tool. A narrative synthesis was conducted following the \'synthesis without meta-analysis\' reporting guidelines.
UNASSIGNED: Two review authors independently screened 5,397 records with 31 studies included, 26 which were cross-sectional studies. Most studies (n=24, 77%) were conducted in India and 19 (61%) were single-site studies. Compared to a pre-pandemic period, 10/17 cancer studies found a >40% reduction in outpatient services, 9/14 cardiovascular disease found a reduction of 30% or greater in inpatient admissions and 2 studies found diagnoses and interventions for respiratory diseases reduced up to 78.9% and 83.0%, respectively. No eligible studies on the impact of COVID-19 on diabetes services were found.
UNASSIGNED: COVID-19 has substantially disrupted the provision of essential health services for NCDs in the WHO South East Asia Region, particularly cancer and cardiovascular disease. This is likely to have serious and potentially long-term downstream impacts on health and mortality of those living with or at risk of NCDs in the region.
UNASSIGNED: This work was supported by the WHO Sri Lanka Country Office.

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Cardiovascular diseases and metabolic complications caused by hyperlipidemia are the leading cause of death globally. In this study, the hypolipidemic potency of Sesamum indicum (SI) seeds was investigated. Of the thirty-five (35) male rats used in the study, five (5) were randomly selected for baseline measurements and thirty (30) were fed high fat diet (HFD) for four (4) weeks before random assignment into three (3) groups. The experimental group was treated with 50% SI seed, the positive control group was given a hypolipidemic drug, atorvastatin (5 mg/kg/day) while the untreated group served as the negative control. With SI administration, the dyslipidemia induced by the HFD consumption in the plasma and the investigated body organs was reversed to a comparable degree with that of atorvastatin treatment. Taken together, this study demonstrates the hypolipidemic potency of SI in ameliorating hyperlipidemia and its associated complications, facilitated by the inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase activity.

We developed a culturally-specific Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) to the Ethiopian context and evaluate its validity in comparison to two 24-h dietary recalls (24-HRs) of food and nutrient intake. To evaluate the validity of a culturally-specific FFQ against two 24-HRs, we used a paired t-test, Wilcoxon-signed-rank test, Correlation coefficients, cross-classification, κ and Bland-Altman analysis. The FFQ was obtained 15 d after the second 24-HR was completed. A total of 105 adults, of which 43 (41 %) were men and 62 (59 %) women, aged 20-65 years participated in this present study. Mean energy and macronutrient intake obtained from the FFQ were significantly higher than those obtained from the mean of two 24-HRs. For energy and nutrient intakes, the crude correlation ranged from 0⋅05 (total fat) to 0⋅49 (vitamin B1). The de-attenuated correlation ranged from to 0⋅10 (total fat) to 0⋅80 (vitamin A). For the majority of food groups, no significant difference was observed in the median intake of food and nutrients. Crude correlation for food groups ranged from 0⋅12 (egg) to 0⋅78 (legumes). The de-attenuated correlation ranged from 0⋅24 (egg) to 1⋅00 (meat/poultry/fish and dairy). The FFQ is valid to assess and rank individuals in terms of intake of most food groups according to high and low intake categories.

Cross-sectional nutritional survey data collected in eight countries were used to estimate saturated fatty acid intakes. Our objective was to estimate the proportion of excessive saturated fatty acid intakes (>10 % of total energy intake) that could be avoided if ultra-processed food consumption was reduced to levels observed in the first quintile of each country. Secondary analysis was performed of 24 h dietary recall or food diary/record data collected by the most recently available nationally representative cross-sectional surveys carried out in Brazil (2008-9), Chile (2010), Colombia (2005), Mexico (2012), Australia (2011-12), the UK (2008-16), Canada (2015) and the US (2015-16). Population attributable fractions estimated the impact of reducing ultra-processed food consumption on excessive saturated fatty acid intakes (above 10 % of total energy intake) in each country. Significant relative reductions in the percentage of excessive saturated fatty acid intakes would be observed in all countries if ultra-processed food consumption was reduced to levels observed in the first quintile\'s consumption. The reductions in excessive intakes ranged from 10⋅0 % (95 % CI 6⋅2-13⋅6 %) in Canada to 35⋅0 % (95 % CI 28⋅7-48⋅0 %) in Mexico. In all eight studied countries, all presenting more than 30 % of intakes with excessive saturated fatty acids, lowering the dietary contribution of ultra-processed foods to attainable, context-specific levels was shown to be a potentially effective way to reduce the percentage of intakes with excessive saturated fatty acids, which may play an important role in the prevention of non-communicable diseases, particularly cardiovascular diseases.