在印度和美国之后,巴基斯坦是全球乳制品生产领先的第三个国家,亚洲社会经济相关性很高的部门。霉菌毒素会影响动物健康,繁殖和生产力。这项研究分析了广泛的共存霉菌毒素和源自链格孢菌的真菌次生代谢产物,曲霉菌,镰刀菌,青霉和其他真菌物种。为了完成这个,采用经过验证的多代谢物液相色谱/电喷雾电离串联质谱(LC/ESI-MS/MS)方法,检测>500个次生真菌代谢物中的96个。这项初步研究表明,旁遮普邦大型商业奶牛养殖场(>200头泌乳奶牛)的总混合口粮(TMR)(n=30),巴基斯坦,普遍存在真菌毒素混合物的污染。每个样品的霉菌毒素的平均值为14,在所有TMR样品中从11至20个霉菌毒素。来自其他真菌和镰刀菌属的代谢物。显示了最高的水平,检测到的真菌化合物之间的频率和多样性。其中最普遍的真菌毒素是镰刀菌毒素,如伏马菌素B1(FB1)(93%),B2(FB2)(100%)和B3(FB3)(77%)等。黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)在40%的样品中得到证实,7%超过了欧盟饲喂奶牛的最高限额(88%干物质为5µg/kg)。没有其他霉菌毒素超过欧盟指导值(GVs)。此外,我们发现像玉米粒这样的膳食成分,豆粕和油菜粕与旁遮普省TMR中一些霉菌毒素(如FB1,FB2和FB3)的污染增加有关,巴基斯坦。在典型的牧草来源中,玉米青贮的含量普遍存在。个别地,检测到的霉菌毒素代表相对较低的水平。然而,在现实的情况下,长期接触多种真菌毒素和其他真菌次生代谢产物会对动物健康产生不可预测的影响,繁殖和生产力。除了麦角生物碱(73%),所有代谢物组(即来源于链格孢菌属。,曲霉属。,镰刀菌属。,青霉属。和其他真菌)发生在100%的TMR样品中。在个人层面,除AFB1外,没有其他霉菌毒素代表相当大的风险;然而,与几种霉菌毒素/代谢物的高水平共存,提示应考虑长期暴露,因为它们具有潜在的毒理学相互作用(累加或协同作用).
After India and the USA, Pakistan is the third country leading in global dairy production, a sector of very high socioeconomic relevance in Asia. Mycotoxins can affect animal health, reproduction and productivity. This study analysed a broad range of co-occurring mycotoxins and fungal secondary metabolites derived from Alternaria, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium and other fungal species. To complete this, a validated multi-metabolite liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometric (LC/ESI-MS/MS) method was employed, detecting 96 of > 500 tested secondary fungal metabolites. This first preliminary study demonstrated that total mixed rations (TMRs) (n = 30) from big commercial dairy cattle farms (> 200 lactating cows) in Punjab, Pakistan, presented ubiquitous contamination with mixtures of mycotoxins. The mean of mycotoxins per sample was 14, ranging from 11 to 20 mycotoxins among all TMR samples. Metabolites derived from other fungi and Fusarium spp. showed the highest levels, frequency and diversity among the detected fungal compounds. Among the most prevalent mycotoxins were Fusarium toxins like fumonisins B1 (FB1) (93%), B2 (FB2) (100%) and B3 (FB3) (77%) and others. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was evidenced in 40% of the samples, and 7% exceeded the EU maximum limit for feeding dairy cattle (5 µg/kg at 88% dry matter). No other mycotoxin exceeds the EU guidance values (GVs). Additionally, we found that dietary ingredients like corn grain, soybean meal and canola meal were related to increased contamination of some mycotoxins (like FB1, FB2 and FB3) in TMR from the province of Punjab, Pakistan. Among typical forage sources, the content of maize silage was ubiquitous. Individually, the detected mycotoxins represented relatively low levels. However, under a realistic scenario, long-term exposure to multiple mycotoxins and other fungal secondary metabolites can exert unpredictable effects on animal health, reproduction and productivity. Except for ergot alkaloids (73%), all the groups of metabolites (i.e. derived from Alternaria spp., Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp. and other fungi) occurred in 100% of the TMR samples. At individual levels, no other mycotoxins than AFB1 represented a considerable risk; however, the high levels of co-occurrence with several mycotoxins/metabolites suggest that long-term exposure should be considered because of their potential toxicological interactions (additive or synergistic effects).